_Insectivora._--These small animals are represented by numerous remains belonging to four families and a dozen genera. Of _Erinaceus_ (hedgehog) several species are found in the Upper Miocene; and in the Lower Miocene of Auvergne two extinct genera of the same family--_Amphechinus_ and _Tetracus_--have been discovered. Several species of _Talpa_ (mole) occur in the Upper Miocene of France, while the extinct _Dinylus_ is from Germany, and _Palæospalax_ from the Lower Miocene of the Isle of {118}Wight. The Malayan family Tupaiidæ or squirrel-shrews, is believed to be represented by _Oxygomphus_, a fossil discovered in South Germany (Wiesenau) by H. von Meyer. The Soricidæ or shrews, are represented by several extinct genera--_Plesiosorex_, _Mysarachne_ and _Galeospalax_; as well as by _Amphisorex_ and _Myogale_ still living. _Echinogale_, a genus of Centetidæ now confined to Madagascar, is said to occur in the Lower Miocene of Auvergne, a most interesting determination, if correct, as it would form a transition to the _Solenodon_ of the Antilles belonging to the same family; but I am informed by Prof. Flower that the affinities of the animals described under this name are very doubtful. _Carnivora._--Besides _Felis_ and _Machairodus_, which extend back to the Upper Miocene, there are two other genera of Felidæ, _Pseudælurus_ in the Upper Miocene of France, and _Hyænodon_, which occurs in the Upper and Lower Miocene of France, named from some resemblance in its teeth to the hyænas, and considered by some Palæontologists to form a distinct family, Hyænodontidæ. The Viverridæ, or civets, were very numerous, consisting of the living genus _Viverra_, and three extinct forms--_Thalassictis_=_Ictitherium_, as large as a panther, and _Soricictis_, a smaller form, occurring both in France and Hungary. Of _Hyænidæ_, there was the living genus _Hyæna_, and the extinct _Hyænictis_, which has occurred in Hungary as well as in Greece. The Canidæ, or wolf and fox family, were represented by _Pseudocyon_, near to _Canis_; _Hemicyon_, intermediate between dogs and gluttons; and _Amphicyon_, of which several species occur in the Upper and Lower Miocene of France, some of them larger than a tiger. The Mustelidæ, or weasels, were represented by five genera, the existing genera _Lutra_ (otter) and _Mustela_ (weasel); _Potamotherium_, an extinct form of otter; _Taxodon_, allied to the badger and otter; _Palæomephitis_ in Germany, and the _Promephytis_ (already noticed) in Greece. The bears were represented only by _Hyænarctos_, which has been noticed as occurring in the Pliocene, and first appears in the Upper Miocene of France. Seals are represented by a form resembling the Antarctic _Otaria_, remains of which occur in the Upper Miocene of France. {119}_Cetacea_ (whales).--These occur frequently in the Miocene deposits, four living, and five extinct genera having been described; but these marine forms are not of much importance for our purpose.