The Bovidæ, or hollow-horned ruminants, were not well represented in Central Europe in Miocene times. There were no sheep, goats, or oxen, and only a few antelopes of the genus _Tragocerus_, and one allied to _Hippotragus_; and these all lived in the Upper Miocene period, as did the more numerous forms of Greece. _Proboscidea._--The true elephants do not extend back to the Miocene period, but they are represented by the Mastodons, which had less complex teeth. These first appear in the Upper Miocene of Europe, five species being known from France, Germany, Switzerland, and Greece. _Dinotherium_, already noticed as occurring in Greece, extended also to Germany and France, where remains of three species have been found. _Rodentia._--A considerable number of generic forms of this order have been obtained from the Miocene strata. The principal genera are _Cricetodon_, allied to the hamsters, numerous in both the Upper and Lower Miocene period of France; _Myoxus_ (the dormice) in France, and an allied genus, _Brachymys_, in Germany. The beavers were represented by the still living genus _Castor_, and the extinct _Steneofiber_ in France. The squirrels by the existing _Scuirus_ and _Spermophilus_; and by extinct forms, _Lithomys_ and _Aulacodon_, in Germany, the latter resembling the African genus _Aulacodes_. The hares, by _Lagomys_ and an {121}extinct form _Titanomys_. Besides these, remains referred to the South American genera, _Cavia_ (cavy) and _Dasyprocta_ (agouti), have been found, the former in the Upper Miocene of Switzerland, the latter in the Lower Miocene of Auvergne. _Palæomys_, allied to the West Indian _Capromys_, has been found in the same deposits; as well as _Theridomys_, said by Gervais to be allied to _Anomalurus_ and _Echimys_, the former now living in W. Africa, the latter in S. America. _Edentata._--These are only represented by the _Macrotherium_ and _Ancylotherium_ of the Grecian deposits, the former occurring also in France and Germany in Upper Miocene strata. _Marsupials_.--These consist of numerous species related to the opossums (_Didelphys_), but separated by Gervais under the name _Peratherium_. They occur in both Upper and Lower Miocene beds. _Upper Miocene Deposits of the Siwalik Hills and other Localities in N. W. India._ These remarkable fresh-water deposits form a range of hills at the foot of the Himalayas, a little south of Simla. They were investigated for many years by Sir P. Cautley and Dr. Falconer, and add greatly to our knowledge of the early fauna of the Old World continent. _Primates_.--Remains of the genera _Semnopithecus_ and _Macacus_ were found, with other forms of intermediate character; and some teeth indicated animals allied to the orang-utan of Borneo, and of similar size.