_Carnivora_.--These consisted of species of _Felis_ and _Machairodus_ of large size; _Hyæna_, _Canis_, _Mellivora_, and an allied genus _Ursitaxus_; _Ursus_, in the deposits of the Nerbudda valley (of Pliocene age); _Hyænarctos_ as large as the cave bear; _Amphicyon_ of the size of a polar bear (in the deposits of the Indus valley, west of Cashmere); _Lutra_, and an extinct allied genus _Enhydrion_. _Ungulata_.--These are very numerous, and constitute the most important feature of this ancient fauna. Horses are represented by a species of _Equus_ from the Siwalik Hills and the Irawaddy {122}deposits in Burmah, and by two others from the Pliocene of the Nerbudda Valley; while _Hippotherium_--a slender, antelope-like animal, found in the Siwalik Hills and in Europe--is supposed to form a transition from the Equidæ to the Tapiridæ. These latter are found in the Upper Indus deposits, where there is a species of _Tapirus_, and one of an extinct genus _Antelotherium_. Of _Rhinoceros_, five extinct species have been found--in the Siwalik Hills, in Perim Island, and one at an elevation of 16,000 feet in the deserts of Thibet. _Hippopotamus_ occurs in the Pliocene of the Nerbudda, and is represented in the older Miocene deposits by _Hexaprotodon_, of which three species have been found in various parts of India. Another remarkable genus, _Merycopotamus_, connects _Hippopotamus_ with _Anthracotherium_, one of the extinct European forms allied to the swine. These last are represented by several large species of _Sus_, and by the extinct European genus _Choerotherium_. The extinct Anoplotheridæ are represented by a species of the European genus _Chalicotherium_, larger than a horse. An extinct camel, larger than the living species, was found in the Siwalik Hills. Three species of deer (_Cervus_) have been found in the Siwaliks, and one in the Nerbudda deposits. A large and a small species of giraffe (_Camelopardalis_) were found in the Siwalik Hills and at Perim Island. The Bovidæ are represented by numerous species of _Bos_, and by the extinct genera _Hemibos_ and _Amphibos_. There are also three species of antelopes, one of which is allied to the African _Alcephalus_. We now come to an extraordinary group of extinct animals, probably forming a new family intermediate between the antelope and the giraffe. The _Sivatherium_ was an enormous four-horned ruminant, larger than a rhinoceros. It had a short trunk like a tapir, the lower horns on the forehead were simple, the upper pair palmated. The _Bramatherium_, an allied form from Perim Island, showed somewhat more affinity for the giraffe. _Proboscidea._--No less than seven species of elephants and four {123}of mastodons ranged over India, their remains being found in all the deposits from the Siwalik Hills to Burmah. A large _Dinotherium_ has also been found at Perim Island.