Aquatic and wading birds were abundant, including numerous rails, bustards, herons, sandpipers, gulls, divers, and pelicans. There were also many ducks, some allied to the genus _Dendrocygna_; the Oriental genus of storks, _Leptoptilus_; _Ibidipodia_, a remarkable form allied to _Ibis_ and _Ciconia_; _Elornis_, near _Limosa_; _Pelagornis_, a large bird allied to gannets and pelicans; _Hydrornis_, allied to the ducks and petrels; _Dolichopterus_, allied to plovers. Perhaps the most interesting of these extinct birds are, however, the flamingoes, represented by forms hardly distinguishable from living species, and by one extinct genus _Palælodus_, which had very long toes, and probably walked on aquatic plants like the tropical jacanas. The Miocene beds of North India have furnished few birds; the only one of geographical interest being an extinct species of ostrich, not very different from that now inhabiting Arabia. On the whole, the birds of Europe at this period were very like those now living, with the addition of a few tropical forms. These latter were, however, perhaps more numerous and important than they appear to be, as they belong to inland and forest-haunting types, which would not be so frequently preserved as the marsh and lake-dwelling species. Taking this into consideration, the assemblage of Miocene birds accords well with what we know of the mammalian fauna. We have the same indications of a luxuriant vegetation and subtropical climate, and the same appearance of Oriental and especially of African types. _Trogon_ is perhaps the most interesting of all the forms yet discovered, since it furnishes us with a central point whence the living trogons of Asia, Africa, and South America might have diverged.