_Birds._--It is difficult to name the birds that are most characteristic of this sub-region, because so many of the most familiar and abundant are emigrants from the south, and belong to groups that have a different range. There is perhaps not a single genus wholly confined to it, and very few that have not equal claims to be placed elsewhere. Among the more characteristic we may name _Turdus_ (the thrushes), _Sylvia_ (the warblers), _Panurus_ (the reedling), _Parus_ (the tits), _Anthus_ (the pipits), _Motacilla_ (the wagtails), which are perhaps more abundant here than in any other part of the world, _Emberiza_ (the buntings), _Plectrophanes_ (the snow buntings), _Passer_ (the house sparrows), _Loxia_ (the crossbills), _Linota_ (the linnets), _Pica_ (the magpies), _Tetrao_ (grouse), _Lagopus_ (ptarmigan) and many others. I am indebted to Mr. H. E. Dresser, who is personally acquainted with the ornithology of much of the North of Europe, for some valuable notes on the northern range of many European birds. Those which are characteristic of the extreme Arctic zone, extending beyond 70° north latitude, and tolerably abundant, are two falcons (_Falco gyrfalco_ and _F. peregrinus_); {194}the rough-legged buzzard (_Archibuteo lagopus_); the snowy owl (_Nyctea scandiaca_); the raven (_Corvus corax_); three buntings (_Emberiza schæniculus_, _Plectrophanes nivalis_ and _P. calcarata_); a lark (_Otocorys alpestris_); several pipits, the most northern being _Anthus cervinus_; a wagtail (_Budytes cinereocapilla_); a dipper (_Cinclus melanogaster_); a warbler (_Cyanecula suecica_); the wheatear (_Saxicola oenanthe_); and two ptarmigans (_Lagopus albus_ and _L. salicetus_). Most of these birds are, of course, only summer visitors to the Arctic regions, the only species noted as a permanent resident in East Finmark (north of latitude 70°) being the snow-bunting (_Plectrophanes nivalis_).