The birds that are characteristic of the zone of pine forests, or from about 61° to 70° north latitude, are very numerous, and it will be sufficient to note the genera and the number of species (where more than one) to give an idea of the ornithology of this part of Europe. The birds of prey are, _Falco_ (three species), _Astur_ (two species), _Buteo_, _Pandion_, _Surnia_, _Bubo_, _Syrnium_, _Asio_, _Nyctala_. The chief Passerine birds are, _Corvus_ (two species), _Pica_, _Garrulus_ (two species), _Nucifraga_, _Bombycilla_, _Hirundo_ (two species), _Muscicapa_ (two species), _Lanius_, _Sturnus_, _Passer_ (two species), _Pyrrhula_, _Carpodacus_, _Loxia_ (two species), _Pinicola_, _Fringilla_ (eight species), _Emberiza_ (five species), _Alauda_, _Anthus_, _Turdus_ (five species), _Ruticilla_, _Pratincola_, _Accentor_, _Sylvia_ (four species), _Hypolais_, _Regulus_, _Phylloscopus_ (two species), _Acrocephalus_, _Troglodytes_, and _Parus_ (six species). Woodpeckers are abundant, _Picus_ (four species), _Gecinus_, and _Yunx_. The kingfisher (_Alcedo_), goatsucker (_Caprimulgus_), and swift (_Cypselus_) are also common. The wood-pigeon (_Columba_) is plentiful. The gallinaceous birds are three grouse, _Tetrao_ (two species) and _Bonasa_, and the common quail (_Coturnix_). The remaining genera and species of temperate or north-European birds, do not usually range beyond the region of deciduous trees, roughly indicated by the parallel of 60° north latitude. Plate I. [Illustration] THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, WITH CHARACTERISTIC ANIMALS.