A few additional forms occur in Japan: _Urotrichus_, a peculiar Mole, which is found also in north-west America; _Enhydra_, the sea otter of California; and the dormouse (_Myoxus_). Japan also possesses peculiar species of _Macacus_, _Talpa_, _Meles_, _Canis_, and _Sciuropterus_. It will be seen that this sub-region is remarkably rich in Insectivora, of which it possesses ten genera; and that it has also several peculiar forms of Carnivora, Rodentia, and Ruminants. _Birds._--To give an accurate idea of the ornithology of this sub-region is very difficult, both on account of its extreme richness and the impossibility of defining the limits between it and the Oriental region. A considerable number of genera which are well developed in the high Himalayas, and some which are peculiar to that district, have hitherto always been classed as Indian, and therefore Oriental groups; but they more properly belong to this sub-region. Many of them frequent the highest forests, or descend into the Himalayan temperate zone only in winter; and others are so intimately connected with Palæarctic species, that they can only be considered as stragglers into the border land of the Oriental region. On these principles we consider the following genera to be confined to this sub-region:-- _Grandala_, _Nemura_ (Sylviidæ); _Pterorhinus_ (Timaliidæ); _Cholornis_, _Conostoma_, _Heteromorpha_ (Panuridæ); _Cyanoptila_ (Muscicapidæ); _Eophona_ (Fringillidæ); _Dendrotreron_ (Columbidæ); _Lophophorus_, _Tetraophasis_, _Crossoptilon_, _Pucrasia_, _Thaumalea_, and _Ithaginis_ (Phasianidæ). This may be called the sub-region of Pheasants; for the above six genera, comprising sixteen species of the most magnificent birds in the world, are all confined to the temperate or cold mountainous regions of the Himalayas, Thibet, and China; and in addition we have {224}most of the species of tragopan (_Ceriornis_), and some of the true pheasants (_Phasianus_). The most abundant and characteristic of the smaller birds are warblers, tits, and finches, of Palæarctic types; but there are also a considerable number of Oriental forms which penetrate far into the country, and mingling with the northern birds give a character to the Ornithology of this sub-region very different from that of the Mediterranean district at the western end of the region. Leaving out a large number of wide-ranging groups, this mixture of types may be best exhibited by giving lists of the more striking Palæarctic and Oriental genera which are here found intermingled. PALÆARCTIC GENERA. SYLVIIDÆ. Erithacus. Ruticilla. Locustella. Cyanecula. Sylvia. Potamodus. Reguloides. Regulus. Accentor. CINCLIDÆ. Cinclus. TROGLODYTIDÆ. Troglodytidæ. CERTHIIDÆ. Certhia. Sitta. Tichodroma. PARIDÆ. Parus. Lophophanes. Acredula. CORVIDÆ. Fregilus. Nucifraga. Pica. Cyanopica. Garrulus. AMPELIDÆ. Ampelis.