{222}_Mammalia._--This sub-region contains a number of peculiar and very interesting forms, most of which have been recently discovered by Père David in North and West China and East Thibet. The following are the peculiar genera:--_Rhinopithecus_, a sub-genus of monkeys, here classed under _Semnopithecus_; _Anurosorex_, _Scaptochirus_, _Uropsilus_ and _Scaptonyx_, new forms of Talpidæ or moles; _Æluropus_ (Æluridæ); _Nyctereutes_ (Canidæ); _Lutronectes_ (Mustelidæ); _Cricetulus_ (Muridæ); _Hydropotes_, _Moschus_, and _Elaphodus_ (Cervidæ). The _Rhinopithecus_ appears to be a permanent inhabitant of the highest forests of Moupin, in a cold climate. It has a very thick fur, as has also a new species of _Macacus_ found in the same district. North China and East Thibet seem to be very rich in Insectivora. _Scaptochirus_ is like a mole; _Uropsilus_ between the Japanese _Urotrichus_ and _Sorex_; _Scaptonyx_ between _Urotrichus_ and _Talpa_. _Æluropus_ seems to be the most remarkable mammal discovered by Père David. It is allied to the singular panda (_Ælurus fulgens_) of Nepal, but is as large as a bear, the body wholly white, with the feet, ears, and tip of the tail black. It inhabits the highest forests, and is therefore a true Palæarctic animal, as most likely is the _Ælurus_. _Nyctereutes_, a curious racoon-like dog, ranges from Canton to North China, the Amoor and Japan, and therefore seems to come best in this sub-region; _Hydropotes_ and _Lophotragus_ are small hornless deer confined to North China; _Elaphodus_, from East Thibet, is another peculiar form of deer; while the musk deer (_Moschus_) is confined to this sub-region and the last. Besides the above, the following Palæarctic genera were found by Père David in this sub-region: _Macacus_: five genera or sub-genera of bats (_Vespertilio_, _Vesperus_, _Vesperugo_, _Rhinolophus_, and _Murina_); _Erinaceus_, _Nectogale_, _Talpa_, _Crocidura_ and _Sorex_, among Insectivora; _Mustela_, _Putorius_, _Martes_, _Lutra_, _Viverra_, _Meles_, _Ælurus_, _Ursus_, _Felis_, and _Canis_, among _Carnivora_; _Hystrix_, _Arctomys_, _Myospalax_, _Spermophilus_, _Gerbillus_, _Dipus_, _Lagomys_, _Lepus_, _Sciurus_, _Pteromys_, _Arvicola_, and _Mus_, among Rodentia; _Budorcas_, _Nemorhedus_, _Antilope_, _Ovis_, _Moschus_, _Cervulus_ and _Cervus_ among Ruminants; and the wide-spread _Sus_ or wild boar. The following Oriental genera are also {223}included in Père David's list, but no doubt occur only in the lowlands and warm valleys, and can hardly be considered to belong to the Palæarctic region: _Paguma_, _Helictis_, _Arctonyx_, _Rhizomys_, _Manis_. The _Rhizomys_ from Moupin is a peculiar species of this tropical genus, but all the others inhabit Southern China.