_Mammalia._--The fauna of Madagascar is tolerably rich in genera and species of mammalia, although these belong to a very limited number of families and orders. It is especially characterized by its abundance of Lemuridæ and Insectivora; it also possesses a few peculiar Carnivora of small size; but most of the other groups in which Africa is especially rich--apes and monkeys, lions, leopards and hyænas, zebras, giraffes, antelopes, elephants and rhinoceroses, and even porcupines and squirrels, are wholly wanting. No less than 40 distinct families of land {273}mammals are represented on the continent of Africa, only 11 of which occur in Madagascar, which also possesses 3 families peculiar to itself. The following is a list of all the genera of Mammalia as yet known to inhabit the island:-- PRIMATES. LEMURIDÆ. Indrisinæ. Species. _Indris_ 6 Lemurinæ. _Lemur_ 15 _Hapalemur_ 2 _Microcebus_ 4 _Chirogaleus_ 5 _Lepilemur_ 2 CHIROMYIDÆ. _Chiromys_ 1 BATS--(Chiroptera). PTEROPIDÆ. Pteropus 2 RHINOLOPHIDÆ. Rhinolophus 1 VESPERTILIONIDÆ. Vespertilio 1 Taphozous 1 NOCTILIONIDÆ. Nyctinomus 1 INSECTIVORA. CENTETIDÆ. _Centetes_ 2 _Hemicentetes_ 2 _Ericulus_ 2 _Oryzorictes_ 1 _Echinops_ 3 SORICIDÆ. Sorex 1 CARNIVORA. CRYPTOPROCTIDÆ. _Cryptoprocta_ 1 VIVERRIDÆ. _Fossa_ 2 _Galidia_ 3 _Galidictis_ 2 _Eupleres_ 1 UNGULATA. SUIDÆ. Potamochoerus 1 RODENTIA. MURIDÆ. _Nesomys_ 1 _Hypogeomys_ 1 _Brachytarsomys_ 1 We have here a total of 12 families, 27 genera, and 65 species of Mammals; 3 of the families and 20 of the genera (indicated by italics) being peculiar. All the species are peculiar, except perhaps one or two of the wandering bats. Remains of a _Hippopotamus_ have been found in a sub-fossil condition, showing that this animal probably inhabited the island at a not very remote epoch.