Symbols representing the various features of the earth’s surface were more or less conventionalized, though we can hardly say that any definitely developed “conventional signs” were in use. It is the usual intention of symbols as employed on modern maps to reproduce the appearance of the various features more or less as they look when viewed from above. This is relatively recent development; on medieval maps such elements as mountains, forests, and cities were shown as they appear from the side. In addition to symbols, legends were extensively employed to explain details of the map’s surface, and sometimes these were expanded to considerable length to include historical data and other points of interest. A large variety of subjects were represented on these maps by symbols, vignettes, and legends. The atmosphere figures in the Turin Beatus[1148] in pictures at the four corners of wind blowers seated astride of wind bags. On the Jerome map of the East[1149] the names of certain of the winds are written along the eastern border, and wind blowers were familiar figures in the cartography of a later period than ours. The ocean and inland seas, usually tinted green or blue, are generally without symbols to emphasize their watery nature, except perhaps for pictures of fish. On two of the Beatus series,[1150] however, lines are drawn running parallel to the coasts, showing that the medieval draftsman had hit upon and crudely executed a modern scheme of representing water. The Guido map of Italy[1151] represents the sea by scalloped lines. On the Guido map of the world[1152] the size of the Mediterranean and its branches is enormously enlarged;[1153] whereas the worst examples of the Beatus group[1154] show the inland seas as narrow channels bounded by straight shores. The width of rivers is nearly always immensely exaggerated; on some maps rivers appear to be as wide as the seas themselves. Only the “Cotton”[1155] forms an exception in representing them (except for the Nile) as single lines. On the whole, hydrography is drawn arbitrarily. Streams cross each other, separate, and connect one sea with another; though the Jerome maps,[1156] certain of the Beatus series,[1157] and the “Cotton”[1158] place the headwaters of many of the rivers of Asia and Europe in mountain ranges. Lakes are generally represented as bulb-shaped bodies from which rivers rise or into which they expand.