No attempt was made to show by symbols different kinds of land surface, except perhaps by Matthew Paris in one of his maps of Britain,[1159] which differentiates the marshy country of the eastern shires from the rest of the island. On certain members of the Beatus group[1160] we read legends in Africa and Asia calling the country “deserta et arenosa;” and legends appearing on Matthew Paris’ maps[1161] describe the boggy, wild, and mountainous country of northern Scotland and Wales. The Paris Beatus No. II[1162] has a legend in a remote part of Asia indicating “land uninhabitable on account of the abundance of water.” Mountain ranges were generally represented by jagged, saw-tooth lines running parallel to straight lines;[1163] particularly high or famous peaks, by a single great pyramid. Such pyramids are prominent features in the Beatus series,[1164] where woods are often shown growing upon them. The Hyrcanian Forest is depicted and labeled on the Jerome map of Palestine,[1165] and the pepper forests of India are indicated on the Jerome map of the East.[1166] Among the works of man cities and buildings take a foremost place, represented by vignettes of castles, towers, and churches. On several maps[1167] especially notable works are depicted, as the lighthouse of Alexandria, the tower of Babel, the columns of Alexander and Hercules; and the seas are sometimes filled with ships. As to men themselves, the legends give the names of cities, provinces, and countries. The Jerome maps[1168] give a series of tribal names in Scythia. Adam and Eve with the serpent were stereotyped features enlivening the East on many but by no means all the maps of our age; and on the Osma Beatus[1169] we see the uniformly gloomy features of the twelve apostles distributed over the earth’s surface (see Fig. 4, p. 123, above). The monsters of India were also represented by vignettes of a _skiapod_, or shadowfoot, on two of the Beatus group,[1170] where this uncomfortable creature is shown as the most prominent inhabitant of the austral continent (see Fig. 4) and the existence of other monsters is hinted at by legends referring to griffons, cynocephali, and the like. _SUMMARY_