PART II _The Substance and Character of the Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades_ VI COSMOGONY, COSMOLOGY, AND COSMOGRAPHY 133 General Character of the Cosmology and Natural Science of the Period 134 The Chartres Group: Bernard Sylvester and Theodoric 134 Adelard of Bath and William of Conches 135 Concept of Natural Laws 136 The Orthodox Tendency 137 Effects of Influx of Arabic Science 138 The Creation 138 Problems 139 The Preëxistence of Matter 139 The Orthodox View 139 A Rational View 141 Processes of the Creation 141 Theodoric of Chartres’ Theory 141 William of Conches’ Theory 142 Function of Light in the Creation 143 The Nature of the Six Days 144 Eternity of the Universe 145 Bernard Sylvester’s Account of the Creation 145 The Icelandic Account 146 Macrocosm and Microcosm 147 Shape, Movements, and Size of the Earth 150 Sphericity of the Universe 150 Shape of the Earth 152 Immobility of the Earth 153 Size of the Earth 155 Zones, the Antipodes, and “Climata” 156 Zones 156 Uninhabitability of Polar Caps and Equatorial Zone 157 Austral Continent and Antipodal Regions 157 The Cratesian Theory 158 Persistence of Belief That Antipodal Regions Were Inhabited 159 Manegold’s Arguments Against This Doctrine 161 Habitability of the Equatorial Region 162 Grosseteste on the Habitable Parts of the Earth 163 The Equatorial Zone 163 The Southern Hemisphere 164