D’ANVILLE, in his _Mémoires sur l’Egypte_, Paris, 1766, pp. 230-235, attempted to construct a map of the coast of the Red Sea by combining the classical records with some early Portuguese and other charts, but the latter were too crude to enable any approach to be made to an accurate map. It has been thought that BRUCE discovered the island of Zeberged and the emerald mines of Zabara in 1769, but it is tolerably certain that he saw neither of these places. He estimated the latitude of the island he saw “pretty exactly” as 25° 3′, and its distance from the coast as three miles,[2] whereas Zeberged is really in latitude 23° 36′, and is over thirty miles from the nearest coast. The mines he saw were so close to the coast that he could walk to them from his boat and back in less than a day (in fact he states that they were only three miles from the coast), while both the Sikait and the Zabara mines are over a day’s journey from the sea. Nor could the mines have been the sulphur workings near El Ranga (_He_), unless Bruce made a large error in his observation for latitude, for the sulphur mines are about in latitude 24° 25′, and, moreover, Bruce states that he found “brittle green crystals,” not sulphur. It is to the French traveller CAILLIAUD[3] that we owe the first modern account of Berenice and the emerald mines. Cailliaud was a mineralogist, in favour with Mohammad Ali Pasha, who sent him on two expeditions in 1816 and 1817 to search for mines in the Eastern Desert. On his first expedition, starting from Redesia (near Edfu), he discovered the rock temple of Seti I, forty-five kilometres east of the Nile, and several ancient stations on his route, and proceeded to the emerald mines of Zabara and the sulphur mines of El Ranga. On his second expedition he took with him sixty Albanian workmen to exploit the mines, and led them by nearly his former route to Zabara, where they extracted ten lbs. weight of emeralds (beryls) for presentation to the Pasha. On this second expedition Cailliaud discovered the mines and ruins of Sikait, and also other ruins in the Wadi Nugrus (_Ed_). Cailliaud’s drawings of the ruins of Sikait greatly exaggerate their size and elegance. JOMARD, in notes prefaced to Cailliaud’s account of his travels, made a careful study of the probable positions of the ancient roads and mines in this part of Egypt; he thought that Wadi Gemal Island (_Hd_) was Zeberged.