Vertical cliffs and shafts of the Wingate Sandstone endure only where the top of the formation is capped by beds of the next younger rock unit—the Kayenta Formation. The Kayenta is much more resistant to erosion than the Wingate, so even a few feet of the Kayenta, such as the cap on top of Independence Monument, protect the rock beneath. Once this cap has been eroded away, the underlying Wingate weathers into rounded domes, such as the Coke Ovens. Cold Shivers Point (fig. 53)—a toadstool shaped cap of sandstone of the Kayenta above a vertical cliff of the Wingate—is perhaps the most aptly titled feature of the Monument. [Illustration: PETRIFIED SAND DUNES in Wingate Sandstone along old Serpents Trail. Looking north across The Redlands and Grand Valley to the Book Cliffs. Battlement Mesa on right skyline. (Fig. 10)] The Coke Ovens (fig. 11) and Squaw Fingers were formed partly because most of the caprock of Kayenta has been weathered away and also because the brittle rocks were cracked along an evenly spaced set of vertical joints. These joints trend northward between the two named features. More rapid weathering along these joints helped form the separate rounded domes or spires between them. Similarly, northwestward-trending vertical joints connect and helped shape Kissing Couple, Pipe Organ, and Sentinal Spire. [Illustration: THE COKE OVENS, looking north from overlook beneath Artists Point. A set of north-south joints has allowed erosion of the Wingate Sandstone to proceed more rapidly along these zones of weakness and has helped create the four ovens shown. Weathering away of the protective caprock of the overlying Kayenta Formation has produced rounded tops on all but the left-hand shaft, which is still protected by the Kayenta. Note alcoves and arches in cliff of the Wingate beyond, the formation of the one on the right having been aided by removal of the underlying soft Chinle Formation. Bench covered by piñon and juniper above Wingate is resistant thin-bedded Kayenta Formation. Cliff above the bench is the Slick Rock Member of the Entrada Sandstone. The Coke Ovens were named from their resemblance to the beehive-shaped brick ovens formerly used to convert bituminous coal into coke for smelting iron. (Fig. 11)] Many of the cliff walls of the Wingate are vertical, some even overhang, yet in some places the slopes are gentle enough to hold talus and to be climbed (fig. 12). Why is this? The answer to this question is given in a later section on “Canyon Cutting.” Arches or shallow caves weathered out of some cliff faces of the Wingate, particularly where the underlying Chinle Formation has been partly scoured away. Although there are no large caves within the Monument, there are three in a row along the road 3 miles west of the Glade Park Post Office. One of these was inhabited until 1958 (fig. 5).