The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.Mooney, James
Religion
The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.
Mooney, James
Dakota Indians -- Wars, 1890-1891; Ghost dance
in January, 1891, the ghost shirt had not yet reached them. Soon
afterward the first one was brought down from the Sioux country by a
Cheyenne named White Buffalo, who had been a Carlisle student, but the
Arapaho and Cheyenne, after debating the matter, refused to allow it
to be worn in the dance, on the ground that the doctrine of the Ghost
dance was one of peace, whereas the Sioux had made the ghost shirt an
auxiliary of war. In consequence of this decision such shirts have
never been worn by the dancers among the southern tribes. Instead they
wear in the dance their finest shirts and dresses of buckskin, covered
with painted and beaded figures from the Ghost-dance mythology and the
visions of the trance.
The Ghost dance is variously named among the different tribes. In
its original home among the Paiute it is called _Nänigükwa_, “dance
in a circle” (_nüka_, dance), to distinguish it from the other
dances of the tribe, which have only the ordinary up-and-down step
without the circular movement. The Shoshoni call it _Tänä′räyün_
or _Tämanä′rayära_, which may be rendered “everybody dragging,” in
allusion to the manner in which the dancers move around the circle
holding hands, as children do in their ring games. They insist that it
is a revival of a similar dance which existed among them fifty years
ago. The Comanche call it _A′p-anĕka′ra_, “the Father’s dance,” or
sometimes the dance “with joined hands.” The Kiowa call it _Mânposo′ti
guan_, “dance with clasped hands,” and the frenzy, _guan â′dalka-i_,
“dance craziness.” The Caddo know it as _Ă′ă kakĭ′mbawi′ut_, “the
prayer of all to the Father,” or as the _Nänisana ka-au′-shan_,
“nänisana dance,” from _nänisana_, “my children,” which forms the
burden of so many of the ghost songs in the language of the Arapaho,
from whom they obtained the dance. By the Sioux, Arapaho, and most
other prairie tribes it is called the “spirit” or “ghost” dance (Sioux,
_Wana′ghi wa′chipi_; Arapaho, _Thigû′nawat_), from, the fact that
everything connected with it relates to the coming of the spirits of
the dead from the spirit world, and by this name it has become known
among the whites.
APPENDIX
THE MORMONS AND THE INDIANS
While the Indian excitement was at its height in 1892, a curious
pamphlet was published anonymously at Salt Lake City in connection
with a proposed series of lectures, from which we make some extracts
for the light they give on the Mormon attitude toward the Indians. The
pamphlet is headed, “The Mormons have stepped down and out of Celestial
Government—the American Indians have stepped up and into Celestial
Government.” It begins by stating that the Messiah came to His people
at the time appointed of the Father—March, 1890—notwithstanding the
assertion in the Deseret Evening News, made January, 1892: “1890 has
passed, and no Messiah has come.” It goes on to say:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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