The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.Mooney, James
Religion
The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.
Mooney, James
Dakota Indians -- Wars, 1890-1891; Ghost dance
In accord with the report of the delegates, on their return home the
Shoshoni and Arapaho at once began to dance. A year later, in the fall
of 1890, a dense smoke from forest fires in the mountains drifted
down and obscured the air in the lower country to such an extent that
horses were lost in the haze. This was regarded by the Indians as an
indication of the approach of the great change, and the dance was
continued with increased fervor, but at last the atmosphere began to
clear and the phenomenon ended as it had begun—in smoke. The dance
was kept up, however, without abatement for another year, until the
predicted time had come and gone, when the Shoshoni—who seem to share
the skeptical nature of their southern kinsmen, the Comanche—concluded
that they had been deceived, and abandoned the dance. The Arapaho, who
have greater faith in the unseen things of the spirit world, kept it
up, and were still dancing when I visited them in the summer of 1892. A
part of the Arapaho, headed by their chief, Black Coal, and encouraged
by the Catholic missionaries, had steadily opposed the dance from the
first. After considerable discussion of the matter it was decided, on
Black Coal’s proposition, to send another delegation to the messiah,
under the guidance of Yellow Eagle, a graduate of a government Indian
school, to learn as to the truth or falsity of the new doctrine. They
returned early in 1891 and reported against the movement. Their report
confirmed the doubters in their skepticism, but produced little effect
on the rest of the tribe.
When I visited Wind River reservation in Wyoming in June, 1892, the
agent in charge informed me that there was no Ghost dancing on his
reservation; that he had explained how foolish it was and had strictly
forbidden it, and that in consequence the Indians had abandoned
it. However, he expressed interest in my investigation, and as the
Arapaho, with whom I had most to do, were then camped in a body a
few miles up in the mountains cutting wood, he very kindly furnished
a conveyance and camping outfit, with two of the agency employees—a
clerk and an interpreter—to take me out. It appeared afterward that the
escort had received instructions of their own before starting. Having
reached the camp and set up our tent, the Arapaho soon came around to
get acquainted, over a pipe and a cup of coffee; but, in answer to
questions put by one of my companions, a white man, who assumed the
burden of the conversation, it seemed that the Indians had lost all
interest in the dance. In fact, some of them were so ignorant on the
subject that they wanted to know what it meant.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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