The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.Mooney, James
Religion
The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.
Mooney, James
Dakota Indians -- Wars, 1890-1891; Ghost dance
The prophet now changed his name to Tenskwatawa, “The Open Door” (from
_skwa′te_, a door, and _the′nui_, to be open; frequently spelled
Elskwatawa), significant of the new mode of life which he had come to
point out to his people, and fixed his headquarters at Greenville,
Ohio, where representatives from the various scattered tribes of
the northwest gathered about him to learn the new doctrines. Some,
especially the Kickapoo, entered fervently into his spirit, while
others were disposed to oppose him. The Miami, who regarded the Shawano
as intruders, were jealous of his influence, and the chiefs of his
own tribe were somewhat inclined to consider him in the light of a
rival. To establish his sacred character and to dispel the doubts of
the unbelievers, he continued to dream dreams and announce wonderful
revelations from time to time, when an event occurred which effectually
silenced opposition and stamped him as one inspired.
By some means he had learned that an eclipse of the sun was to take
place in the summer of 1806. As the time drew near, he called about him
the scoffers and boldly announced that on a certain day he would prove
to them his supernatural authority by causing the sun to become dark.
When the day and hour arrived and the earth at midday was enveloped
in the gloom of twilight, Tenskwatawa, standing in the midst of the
terrified Indians, pointed to the sky and cried, “Did I not speak
truth? See, the sun is dark!” There were no more doubters now. All
proclaimed him a true prophet and the messenger of the Master of Life.
His fame spread abroad and apostles began to carry his revelations to
the remotest tribes.
We get but fragmentary light in regard to the details of the doctrine
and ceremonies of this religious revival, as well as of that which
preceded it. There were then no railroads, no newspaper correspondents
to gather each day’s proceedings, and no telegraph to flash the news
across the continent before nightfall; no reservation system, with its
attendant army of employees, everyone a spy when an emergency arose;
and no investigators to go among the tribes and study the matter
from an ethnologic point of view. Our information is derived chiefly
from military officers, who knew these things only as vague rumors
of Indian unrest fomented by British agents; from the statements of
a few illiterate interpreters or captives among the savages, and
from the misty recollections of old men long after the excitement
had passed away. Of the dances which are a part of every important
Indian ceremony, the songs which they chanted, the peculiar dress or
adornments which probably distinguished the believers—of all these we
know nothing; but we may well surmise that the whole elaborate system
of Indian mythology and ceremonial was brought into play to give weight
to the words of the prophet, and enough is known to show that in its
leading features the movement closely resembled the modern Ghost dance.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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