Aztec mythology; Indian mythology -- Mexico; Mexico -- Religion
The original tonalamatl was probably a day-count based on a lunar
reckoning. The symbols appear to have been those of the gods or other
mythological figures. Thus cipactli was merely the earth-monster,
quauhtli the eagle, a surrogate for the Sun-god, and so on. Later the
tonalamatl lost its significance as a time-count when it was superseded
as such by the solar calendar. It then took on the complexion of a book
of augury, so that the temporal connection it had with the gods was
altered to a purely augural one. The various days thus became
significant for good or evil according to the nature of the gods who
presided over them, or over the precise hour in which a subject was
born or any act done. As in astrology, a kind of balance was held
between good and evil, so that if the god presiding over the day was
inauspicious, his influence might, in some measure, be counteracted by
that of the deity who presided over the hour in which a child first saw
the light or an event occurred.
DAY-SIGNS
The tonalamatl was composed of 20 day-signs or hieroglyphs repeated 13
times, or 260 day-signs in all. The origin of these has already been
treated of by Seler in Bulletin 28 of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
pp. 38 ff. These 260 days were usually divided into 20 groups of 13
days each, sometimes called “weeks.” To effect this division the
numbers 1 to 13 were added to the 20 day-signs in continuous series as
follow:
no. name. sign.
1 cipactli crocodile
2 eecatl wind
3 calli house
4 cuetzpallin lizard
5 coatl serpent
6 miquiztli death’s-head
7 mazatl deer
8 tochtli rabbit
9 atl water
10 itzcuintli dog
11 ozomatli monkey
12 malinalli grass
13 acatl reed
1 ocelotl ocelot
2 quauhtli eagle
3 cozcaquauhtli vulture
4 ollin motion
5 tecpatl flint knife
6 quiauitl rain
7 xochitl flower
and so on. It will be seen from this list that the fourteenth day-sign
takes the number 1 again. Each of the day-signs under this arrangement
has a number that does not recur in connection with that sign for a
space of 260 days, as is proved by the circumstance that the numbers
[337] of the day-signs and figures (20 to 13), if multiplied together,
give as a product 260, the exact number of days in the tonalamatl.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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