Aztec mythology; Indian mythology -- Mexico; Mexico -- Religion
To the combination of the tonalamatl and the solar calendar the
tonalamatl contributed the names of the days, and the solar calendar
the divisions of the year in which the days found positions. The
tonalamatl and the solar year thus went side by side, each recommencing
whenever it reached its own limits. The days in the solar year were
known by the names of the days in the tonalamatl which were affixed to
them. Thus it is plain that 105 of the 260 tonalamatl day-names had to
be repeated in the solar year of 365 days.
NAMES OF THE YEARS
The year was known by the tonalamatl sign of the day with which it
began. As there were 20 day-signs, and 5, the least common multiple of
365 and 20, goes into 20 exactly 4 times, the year could begin with one
of the four signs only. These were Acatl, Tecpatl, Calli, Tochtli.
Each month of a given year began with the same tonalamatl day-sign. The
20 day-signs always occupied the same position in all the months of a
given year, as there were 20 days in a Mexican month. But since the
last month was followed by the 5 nemontemi, or “unlucky” days, it
follows that each year began with a day-sign five days later than the
last. Also, since 365, the number of days in a year, is divisible by 13
with 1 as remainder, it follows that each year began with a day-number
one in advance of the last.
The commencement of the year coincided with the commencement of the
tonalamatl once in four years.
THE CALENDAR ROUND
Fifty-two years made up what has been called by modern students the
Calendar Round, and by the Mexicans was known as xiuhmolpilli or
toxiuhmolpio, “year bundle” or “our years will be bound.” The Mexicans,
differing in this from the Maya, never progressed beyond the Calendar
Round in the development of their chronological system, as is proved by
the fact that dates of precisely the same designation occurred at
intervals of every 52 years.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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