304 Herodotus, ii. 42. The custom has been already referred to, above, p. 63. 305 Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Alterthums_, i. § 58. Cp. Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_, iii. 1 _sqq._ (ed. 1878). 306 Above, p. 61 _sq._ 307 Above, p. 15 _sq._ 308 The Italmens of Kamtchatka, at the close of the fishing season, used to make the figure of a wolf out of grass. This figure they carefully kept the whole year, believing that it wedded with their maidens and prevented them from giving birth to twins; for twins were esteemed a great misfortune. Steller, _Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka_, p. 327 _sq._ According to Hartknoch (_Dissertat. histor. de variis rebus Prussicis_, p. 163; _Altpreussen_, p. 161) the image of the old Prussian god Curcho was annually renewed. But see Mannhardt, _Die Korndämonen_, p. 27. 309 Above, vol. i. p. 81. 310 T. J. Hutchinson, _Impressions of Western Africa_ (London, 1858), p. 196 _sq._ The writer does not expressly state that a serpent is killed annually, but his statement implies it. _ 311 Revue d’Ethnographie_, iii. 397. 312 Varro in Priscian, x. 32, vol. i. p. 524, ed. Keil; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ vii. § 14. Pliny’s statement is to be corrected by Varro’s. 313 Mr. Frank H. Cushing, “My Adventures in Zuñi,” in _The Century_, May 1883, p. 45 _sq._ 314 Mr. Cushing, indeed, while he admits that the ancestors of the Zuni may have believed in transmigration, says, “Their belief, to-day, however, relative to the future life is spiritualistic.” But the expressions in the text seem to leave no room for doubting that the transmigration into turtles is a living article of Zuni faith. 315 Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iv. 86. On the totem clans of the Moquis, see J. G. Bourke, _Snake-Dance of the Moquis of Arizona_, pp. 116 _sq._, 334 _sqq._ 316 For this information I am indebted to the kindness of Captain J. G. Bourke, 3d. Cavalry, U.S. Army, author of the work mentioned in the preceding note. 317 The old Prussian and Japanese customs are typical. For the former, see above, vol. i. p. 177. For the latter, Charlevoix, _Histoire et Description générale du Japon_, i, 128 _sq._ Thunberg, _Voyages au Japon_, etc. iv. 18 _sqq._ A general account of such customs must be reserved for another work. 318 B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,” in _Mittheilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft b. S. und S. Ostasiens_ (Yokama), Heft xxii. p. 45. _ 319 Transactions of the Ethnological Society_, iv. 36. 320 Rein, _Japan_, i. 446. 321 H. von Siebold, _Ethnologische Studien über die Ainos auf der Insel Yesso_, p. 26. 322 Miss Bird, _Unbeaten Tracks in Japan_ (new ed. 1885), p. 275. _ 323 Trans. Ethnol. Soc._ _l.c._ 324 Miss Bird, _op. cit._ p. 269.