Footnote 445: Tacitus, _Annals_, xii. 8. The Romans feared that the marriage of Claudius with his paternal cousin Agrippina, which they regarded as incest, might result in some public calamity (Tacitus, _Annals_, xii. 5). Footnote 446: See above, pp. 107 _sqq._ Footnote 447: See above, vol. i. pp. 20 _sq._, 40. Footnote 448: Herodotus, i. 181 _sq._ Footnote 449: M. Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, pp. 117 _sq._; L. W. King, _Babylonian Mythology and Religion_, pp. 18, 21. Footnote 450: H. Winckler, _Die Gesetze Hammurabis_ 2nd Ed., (Leipsic, 1903), p. 31 § 182. The expression is translated “votary of Marduk” by Mr C. H. W. Johns (_Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts, and Letters_, Edinburgh, 1904, p. 60). “The votary of Marduk is the god’s wife vowed to perpetual chastity, and is therefore distinct from the devotees of Ištar. Like the ordinary courtesan, these formed a separate class and enjoyed special privileges” (S. A. Cook, _The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi_, London, 1903, p. 148). Footnote 451: M. Jastrow, _op. cit._ pp. 42 _sq._ Footnote 452: C. Johnston in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xviii. First Half (1897), pp. 153-155; R. F. Harper, _Assyrian and Babylonian Literature_ (New York, 1901), p. 249. For the equivalence of Iyyar or Airu with May see _Encyclopaedia Biblica_, _s.v._ “Months,” iii. coll. 3193 _sq._ Footnote 453: Herodotus, i. 182. Footnote 454: G. Maspero, in _Journal des Savants_, année 1899, pp. 401-406; A. Moret, _Du caractère religieux de la royauté Pharaonique_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 48-73; A. Wiedemann, _Herodots zweites Buch_ (Leipsic, 1890), pp. 268 sq. M. Moret shares the view of Prof. Maspero that the pictures, or rather painted reliefs, were copied from masquerades in which the king and other men and women figured as gods and goddesses. As to the Egyptian doctrine of the spiritual double or external soul (_Ka_), see A. Wiedemann, _The Ancient Egyptian Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul_ (London, 1895), pp. 10 _sqq._ Footnote 455: A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_ (Berlin, 1905), pp. 75, 165 _sq._; compare _id._, _Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 400 _sq._ As to the ghostly rule of the high priests of Ammon at Thebes see further G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique, les premières mêlées des peuples_ (Paris, 1897), pp. 559 _sqq._; J. H. Breasted, _A History of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1908), pp. 350 _sq._, 357 _sq._; C. P. Tiele, _Geschichte der Religion im Altertum_, i. (Gotha, 1896), p. 66. Footnote 456: Strabo, xvii. 1. 46, p. 816. Footnote 457: Diodorus Siculus, _Bibliotheca_, i. 47. Footnote 458: Plutarch, _Quaestiones conviviales_, viii. 1. 6 sq.; id., _Numa_, 4. Footnote 459: Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 143. Compare Horace, _Odes_, iii. 62 _sqq._ Footnote 460: Herodotus, i. 182.