The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 05 of 12)Frazer, James George
Religion
The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 05 of 12)
Frazer, James George
Magic; Mythology; Religion; Superstition
(M89) On the other hand, there is clear evidence of the observance of such
a custom in Cilicia, the country which lies across the sea from Cyprus,
and from which the worship of Adonis, according to tradition, was
derived.(381) Whether the Phoenicians ever colonized Cilicia or not is
doubtful,(382) but at all events the natives of the country, down to late
times, worshipped a male deity who, in spite of a superficial assimilation
to a fashionable Greek god, appears to have been an Oriental by birth and
character. He had his principal seat at Tarsus, in a plain of luxuriant
fertility and almost tropical climate, tempered by breezes from the snowy
range of Tarsus on the north and from the sea on the south.(383) Though
Tarsus boasted of a school of Greek philosophy which at the beginning of
our era surpassed those of Athens and Alexandria,(384) the city apparently
remained in manners and spirit essentially Oriental. The women went about
the streets muffled up to the eyes in Eastern fashion, and Dio Chrysostom
reproaches the natives with resembling the most dissolute of the
Phoenicians rather than the Greeks whose civilization they aped.(385) On
the coins of the city they assimilated their native deity to Zeus by
representing him seated on a throne, the upper part of his body bare, the
lower limbs draped in a flowing robe, while in one hand he holds a
sceptre, which is topped sometimes with an eagle but often with a lotus
flower. Yet his foreign nature is indicated both by his name and his
attributes; for in Aramaic inscriptions on the coins he bears the name of
the Baal of Tarsus, and in one hand he grasps an ear of corn and a bunch
of grapes.(386) These attributes clearly mark him out as a god of
fertility in general, who conferred on his worshippers the two things
which they prized above all other gifts of nature, the corn and the wine.
He was probably therefore a Semitic, or at all events an Oriental, rather
than a Greek deity. For while the Semite cast all his gods more or less in
the same mould, and expected them all to render him nearly the same
services, the Greek, with his keener intelligence and more pictorial
imagination, invested his deities with individual characteristics,
allotting to each of them his or her separate function in the divine
economy of the world. Thus he assigned the production of the corn to
Demeter, and that of the grapes to Dionysus; he was not so unreasonable as
to demand both from the same hard-worked deity.
§ 2. The God of Ibreez.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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