The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 06 of 12)Frazer, James George
Religion
The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 06 of 12)
Frazer, James George
Magic; Mythology; Religion; Superstition
(M207) Again, the learned Servius, whose commentary on Virgil is a gold
mine of Roman religious lore, informs us that the pontiffs celebrated the
marriage of the infernal deity Orcus with very great solemnity;(585) and
for this statement he would seem to have had the authority of the
pontifical books themselves, for he refers to them in the same connexion
only a few lines before. As it is in the highest degree unlikely that the
pontiffs would solemnize any foreign rites, we may safely assume that the
marriage of Orcus was not borrowed from Greek mythology, but was a genuine
old Roman ceremony, and this is all the more probable because Servius, our
authority for the custom, has recorded some curious and obviously ancient
taboos which were observed at the marriage and in the ritual of Ceres, the
goddess who seems to have been joined in wedlock to Orcus. One of these
taboos forbade the use of wine, the other forbade persons to name their
father or daughter.(586)
(M208) Further, the learned Roman antiquary Aulus Gellius quotes from “the
books of the priests of the Roman people” (the highest possible authority
on the subject) and from “many ancient speeches” a list of old Roman
deities, in which there seem to be at least five pairs of males and
females.(587) More than that he proves conclusively by quotations from
Plautus, the annalist Cn. Gellius, and Licinius Imbrex that these old
writers certainly regarded one at least of the pairs (Mars and Nerio) as
husband and wife;(588) and we have good ancient evidence for viewing in
the same light three others of the pairs. Thus the old annalist and
antiquarian L. Cincius Alimentus, who fought against Hannibal and was
captured by him, affirmed in his work on the Roman calendar that Maia was
the wife of Vulcan;(589) and as there was a Flamen of Vulcan, who
sacrificed to Maia on May Day,(590) it is reasonable to suppose that he
was assisted in the ceremony by a Flaminica, his wife, just as on my
hypothesis the Flamen Dialis was assisted by his wife the Flaminica.
Another old Roman historian, L. Calpurnius Piso, who wrote in the second
century B.C., said that the name of Vulcan’s wife was not Maia but
Majestas.(591) In saying so he may have intended to correct what he
believed to be a mistake of his predecessor L. Cincius. Again, that
Salacia was the wife of Neptune is perhaps implied by Varro,(592) and is
positively affirmed by Seneca, Augustine, and Servius.(593) Again, Ennius
appears to have regarded Hora as the wife of Quirinus, for in the first
book of his Annals he declared his devotion to that divine pair.(594) In
fact, of the five pairs of male and female deities cited by Aulus Gellius
from the priestly books and ancient speeches the only one as to which we
have not independent evidence that it consisted of a husband and wife is
Saturn and Lua; and in regard to Lua we know that she was spoken of as a
mother,(595) which renders it not improbable that she was also a wife.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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