111 See Mr. R. M. Dawkins, “The Modern Carnival in Thrace and the Cult of Dionysus,” _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, xxvi. (1906) pp. 191-206. Mr. Dawkins describes the ceremonies partly from his own observation, partly from an account of them published by Mr. G. M. Vizyenos in a Greek periodical Θρακικὴ Ἐπετηρίς, of which only one number was published at Athens in 1897. From his personal observations Mr. Dawkins was able to confirm the accuracy of Mr. Vizyenos’s account. _ 112 Adonis, Attis, Osiris_, Second Edition, pp. 333 _sq._ M18 Drama annually performed at the Carnival in the villages round Viza, an old Thracian capital. The actors in the drama. 113 Strabo, vii. frag. 48; Stephanus Byzantius, _s.v._ Βιζύη. 114 R. M. Dawkins, _op. cit._ p. 192. M19 The ceremonies include the forging of a ploughshare, a mock marriage, and a pretence of death and resurrection. M20 The ceremonies also include a simulation of ploughing and sowing by skin-clad men, accompanied by prayers for good crops. 115 R. M. Dawkins, “The Modern Carnival in Thrace and the Cult of Dionysus,” _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, xxvi. (1906) pp. 193-201. M21 Kindred ceremony performed by a masked and skin-clad man who is called a king. 116 R. M. Dawkins, _op. cit._ pp. 201 _sq._ M22 Analogy of these modern Thracian ceremonies to the ancient rites of Dionysus. 117 They have been clearly indicated by Mr. R. M. Dawkins, _op. cit._ pp. 203 _sqq._ Compare W. Ridgeway, _The Origin of Tragedy_ (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 15 _sqq._, who fully recognises the connexion of the modern Thracian ceremonies with the ancient rites of Dionysus. 118 Lucian, _Dialogi Deorum_, ix. 2; Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_, iii. 4. 4. According to the latter writer Dionysus was born in the sixth month. M23 The modern Thracian celebration seems to correspond most closely to the ancient Athenian festival of the Anthesteria. 119 As to such festivals of All Souls see _Adonis, Attis, Osiris_, Second Edition, pp. 301-318.