The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 08 of 12)Frazer, James George
Religion
The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 08 of 12)
Frazer, James George
Magic; Mythology; Religion; Superstition
In Willstad after supper on Christmas evening, while the people are
dancing “the angel dance” for the sake of ensuring a good crop of flax,
some long stalks of the Yule straw, either of wheat or rye, are made up
into the likeness of a goat, which is thrown among the dancers with the
cry, “Catch the Yule-goat!” The custom in Dalarne is similar, except that
there the straw-animal goes by the name of the Yule-ram.(968) In these
customs the identification of the Yule-goat or the Yule-ram with the
corn-spirit seems unmistakable. As if to clinch the argument it is
customary in Denmark and Sweden to bake cakes of fine meal at Christmas in
the form of goats, rams, or boars. These are called Yule-goats, Yule-rams,
or Yule-boars; they are often made out of the last sheaf of corn at
harvest and kept till sowing-time, when they are partly mixed with the
seed-corn and partly eaten by the people and the plough-oxen in the hope
thereby of securing a good harvest.(969) It would seem scarcely possible
to represent the identification of the corn-spirit with an animal, whether
goat, ram, or boar, more graphically; for the last corn cut at harvest is
regularly supposed to house the corn-spirit, who is accordingly caught,
kept through the winter in the shape of an animal, and then mixed with the
seed in spring to quicken the grain before it is committed to the ground.
Examples of the corn-spirit conceived as a wether and a boar have met us
in a preceding part of this work.(970) The pretence of killing the
Yule-goat and bringing him to life again was probably in origin a magical
rite to ensure the rebirth of the corn-spirit in spring.
(M242) In England a custom like some of the preceding still prevails at
Whittlesey in Cambridgeshire on the Tuesday after Plough Monday, as I
learn from an obliging communication of Professor G. C. Moore Smith of
Sheffield University. He writes: “When I was at Whittlesey yesterday I had
the pleasure of meeting a ‘Straw-bear,’ if not two, in the street. I had
not been at Whittlesey on the day for nearly forty years, and feared the
custom had died out. In my boyhood the Straw-bear was a man completely
swathed in straw, led by a string by another and made to dance in front of
people’s houses, in return for which money was expected. This always took
place on the Tuesday following Plough-Monday. Yesterday the Straw-bear was
a boy, and I saw no dancing. Otherwise there was no change.”(971)
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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