primitive ideas as to the origin of, 295 _sq._ ——, living, made by friction of wood, i. 220 ——, new, kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 _sqq._; festivals of new, 131 _sqq._; made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264 “—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, i. 334, 335 —— -drill used to kindle need-fire, i. 292 Fire-festivals of Europe, i. 106 _sqq._; interpretation of the, 328 _sqq._, ii. 15 _sqq._; at the solstices, i. 331 _sq._; solar theory of the, 331 _sqq._; purificatory theory of the, 341 _sqq._; regarded as a protection against witchcraft, 342; the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, 346; elsewhere than in Europe, ii. 1 _sqq._; in India, 1 _sqq._, 5 _sqq._; in China, 3 _sqq._; in Japan, 9 _sq._; in Fiji, 10 _sq._; in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, 11; in Africa, 11 _sqq._; in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, 14 _sq._; their relation to Druidism, 33 _sqq._, 45 Fire-god, Armenian, i. 131 _n._ 3; of the Iroquois, prayers to the, 299 _sq._ —— -walk, the, ii. 1 _sqq._; a remedy for disease, 7; the meaning of the, 15 _sqq._ Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, ii. 103 Firebrands, the Sunday of the, i. 110, 114 Fires extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, i. 5; annually extinguished and relit, 132 _sqq._; to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 _sq._; autumn, 220 _sqq._; the need-fire, 269 _sqq._; extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 _sq._, 291, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._; of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, 329, 331 _sqq._; explained as purificatory, 329 _sq._, 341 _sqq._; the burning of human beings in the, ii. 21 _sqq._; perpetual, fed with oak-wood, 91; with pinewood, 91 _n._ 7; the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, 292; extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, 297 _sq._ _See also_ Fire, Bonfires ——, the Beltane, i. 146 _sqq._ ——, the Easter, i. 120 _sqq._ ——, Hallowe’en, i. 222 _sq._, 230 _sqq._ ——, the Lenten, i. 106 _sqq._ ——, Midsummer, i. 160 _sqq._; a protection against witches, 180; supposed to stop rain, 188, 336; supposed to be a preventive of backache in reaping, 189, 344 _sq._; a protection against fever, 190 ——, Midwinter, i. 246 _sqq._ —— of St. John in France, i. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193 —— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, i. 107 First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, i. 17 —— sons make need-fire, i. 294; special magical virtue attributed to, 295 First-fruits offered to the souls of the dead, ii. 243 Fish frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, i. 77, 93; external soul in a, ii. 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._; golden, external soul of girl in a, 147 _sq._; lives of people bound up with, 200, 202, 204, 209