The _Naibs_ were in several groups, as judges of villages, lesser judges of cities, temporary substitutes for higher judges, and the like. They ordinarily had no salaries, but lived upon fees and irregular earnings. A group of these were important in the sixteenth century as a kind of inspectors of public morals. They purchased their places, and lived upon fines—and sometimes, it is said, upon extortions—from persons who did not wish their private lives exposed.[684] Exercising many of the functions of police and market judges, but not belonging to the _Ulema_, were the _Muhtesibs_, or lieutenants of police, of the various cities. Accompanied by soldiers and attendants, they patrolled the streets and inspected the markets, giving special heed to weights and measures. If they found that the law had been infringed, they inflicted punishment, whether financial or corporal, on the spot.[685] By reason of the duty of applying sumptuary regulations, the office was often lucrative.[686] In every court a single judge sat, with his clerks and other subordinates. Cases were presented by the parties concerned, and decisions were usually rendered immediately and in very concise form. The judge coöperated with the _Subashi_ of the city, who brought before the judge persons that were summoned and who executed the sentences of the judges,[687] an arrangement in which lay a certain likeness to the ecclesiastical courts of the West, which might condemn, but left the execution to the secular arm. Appeal went up to judges higher in the scale, and finally to the grand vizier.[688] Costs and fines were moderate, and were fixed by _Kanun_;[689] they constituted, however, a large part of the income of the judges and their subordinates. The judges were salaried, and some of them had in addition large amounts of irregular earnings. The judges attended to all the notarial work of the empire. The _Subashis_, _Sanjak Beys_, and _Beylerbeys_ had complete jurisdiction over all members of the Ruling Institution who resided in their districts, as well as a more or less undefined authority in cases controlled by _Kanun_, _Adet_, or otherwise outside the sphere of the Sacred Law.[690] In capital cases they never proceeded to execution without obtaining the approval of the judge of the city, in order to have the sanction of the Sacred Law.[691] The decisions of the judges in criminal cases were regularly submitted to without a murmur, since it was felt that the judges represented Mohammed, “wore the robe of God,” and had power of “sovereign sentence.”[692]