of his troubled career, Islam knew no more faithful observer of its rites and prescriptions. In Aurangzeb’s reign and in his alone did the Moslem religion take such a place in India as in the Turkey of Suleiman’s time. The learned Moslems of the Mogul Empire never had as the head of their hierarchy a personage of such dignity and power as the _Sheik-ul-Islam_ of Constantinople. The _Sadr Jehan_ appears to have been concerned chiefly with the granting of land from the treasury to learned and religious persons in lieu of pensions. The hierarchy of judges seems to have been complete, at least in territory that was directly administered, with two officials at court who corresponded to the _Kaziaskers_ of Suleiman, and with _Kazis_ of high rank in the chief city of each province and of lesser rank in other cities; but the functions of these officers appear to have been more closely restricted than in the Ottoman Empire, by reason of the superior jurisdictions of the emperor and the governors, and of the criminal and financial jurisdictions of the _Nizams_ and _Diwans_ and their deputies. As there is little mention of the _muftis_, it would seem that their rôle was not very important. The Moslem church in India was not of the very fabric of empire. The imperial family and most of their associates in government adhered to it; but it had no thorough control of education and justice, and no power to sanction war or pronounce the deposition of an emperor. It did not curb the spirit of the nation or lay a heavy hand upon progress; but, as it was relatively unable to hinder by its weaknesses, so it could not contribute its abiding strength. The Mogul Empire is but a memory. The Moslem church of India thrives and grows under the rule of aliens of another faith. BOOKS CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF APPENDIX IV BADEN-POWELL, B. H. A short account of the land revenue and its administration in British India. 2d edition. Oxford, 1907. BAYLEY, SIR E. C. The local Muhammadan dynasties. Gujarát. London, 1886.—A sequel to Elliot’s History of India. BERNIER, FRANÇOIS. Travels in the Mogul empire, A.D. 1656-1663. Westminster, 1891.—[As quoted by Lane-Poole and others.] CRICHTON, A. S. The Mohammedans as rulers of India. In _The Moslem World_, i. 99-116. London, 1911. DOW, ALEXANDER. The history of Hindostan. 3 vols. London, 1770-1772. ELLIOT, SIR H. M., and DOWSON, JOHN. The history of India, as told by its own historians. 8 vols. London, 1867-1877.—Vol. v (1873) contains extracts from Khondamir, Badáúní, Nizam uddin Ahmad, etc. GUL-BADAN BEGAM. The history of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāma). Translated by Annette S. Beveridge. London, 1902. HOLDEN, E. S. The Mogul emperors of Hindustan. New York, 1895. HUNTER, SIR W. W. A brief history of the Indian peoples. 23d edition. [Oxford, 1903.] IRVINE, WILLIAM. The army of the Indian Moghuls; its organization and administration. London, 1903. —— The Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad. J. R. A. S., Bengal, 1878, 340 ff.