[335] A calculation based on Junis Bey’s statements gives a total of between 41,000 and 49,000. Garzoni, 413, says distinctly that there were 40,000 _Spahis_ of the Porte paid out of the sultan’s treasury; that among these were 3000 _Spahi-oghlans_, 3000 _Silihdars_, 3000 _Ulufajis_, and 2000 _Ghurebas_ (_ciarcagi_); and that the grand vizier had 1000 _Spahis_ assigned to his retinue, and the other viziers each 500. D’Ohsson, vii. 364-365, states that the _Spahis_ proper in the time of Mohammed II, numbered 10,000, and that Achmet III, raised their strength to 12,000; like figures for the _Silihdars_ were 8000 and 12,000. This estimate must include the additional horsemen. [336] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 57; Menavano, 148, 151. [337] See above, pp. 47 (note 1), 91. The Ottoman feudal system is discussed at length in Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 337 ff.; D’Ohsson, vii. 372 ff.; Zinkeisen, iii. 145 ff.; Belin, _Du Régime des Fiefs Militaires en Turquie_; Tischendorf, _Moslemisches Lehnswesen_. [338] Junis Bey (below, p. 271) says, shortly after describing the feudal _Spahis_ of Europe, that “all the _Spahis_ are slaves and sons of slaves of the Seigneur (_Tutti li spachi sono schiaui & figli de schiaui del Sig[nor]_);” but this statement is incomplete. Ramberti (below, p. 256) adds, “and sons of _Spahis_.” The latter group undoubtedly contained the great majority of the feudal _Spahis_. Geuffroy 246, enlarges on the statement by saying that the 30,000 feudal _Spahis_ of Europe were all _Ajem-oghlans_ and slaves of the great Turk. No other writer terms them _kullar_. Garzoni, 412, calls them Turkish soldiers. The whole theory of the Ottoman feudal system made them such; the smaller fiefs were hereditary from of old, and gaps were filled from volunteers with the army, who must have been Moslems, since Christians were not allowed to bear arms: Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 349 ff. (“_Kanun-nameh_ of the granting of _Timars_ and _Ziamets_”). [339] Junis Bey, p. 271 (they collect the income from the Christians, etc.); Moro, 339 (they are appointed by the king to administer justice); Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 478; D’Ohsson, vii. 373. Heidborn, 157, discusses their duties in some detail. [340] Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 275; Heidborn, 145. [341] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 476.