[342] Spandugino, 146, states that under Mohammed II, each fief-holder who had 5000 aspers of income was obliged to bring another with him to war; but in his time (under Bayezid II) this obligation was imposed upon those who had 3000 aspers, unless retired on account of age. Ramberti and Junis Bey (below, pp. 256-271) say that for each 100 ducats a _Spahi_ must keep an armed horseman, and three or four servants, and a like number of horses; see also D’Ohsson, vii. 373. Heidborn, 145, states that holders of _timars_ brought an additional warrior for each 3000 aspers of income, and holders of _ziamets_ an additional one for each 5000 aspers; but in any case the first 3000 aspers was exempt. [343] D’Ohsson, vii. 374. [344] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 352. [345] _Ibid._ 94. [346] Hammer (_ibid._ 143 ff.) describes Suleiman’s legislation, giving translations of much of it. [347] Ricaut, 343. [348] D’Ohsson, vii. 374; Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 352 ff. [349] The limit differed according to region. In Rumelia a _teskereh_ was required for all _timars_ of 6000 aspers and over, and for all _ziamets_: Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 275. [350] Ramberti (below, p. 256) gives this limit as 100 ducats, or 5000 aspers. [351] Garzoni, 413; Tanco, 209. [352] Bernardo, 329; Knolles (ed. 1687), 983. [353] Spandugino, 211; Zinkeisen, iii. 129. The feudal _Spahis_ had lower officers who were not sent out from the capital, such as the _Cheribashis_. [354] The name means “ensign bey,” and was translated _flambole_: for example, Geuffroy, 246. [355] Postel, iii. 44; Tiepolo, 138. [356] Heidborn, 140, says that the _Subashis_ had _ziamets_, the _Alai Beys_ had small _khasses_, the _Sanjak Beys_ had _khasses_ of a million aspers or more, and the _Beylerbeys_ much more. The amount which he assigns to the _Sanjak Beys_ is too large for Suleiman’s time. Ramberti (below, pp. 256-258) gives their income at from 4000 to 12,000 ducats, which would amount to from 200,000 to 600,000 aspers. [357] Ramberti, below, p. 256; Junis Bey, below, p. 271. [358] Menavino, 186, 190, says that in his time the _Beylerbey_ of Anatolia resided at Kutaia (Custage). Ramberti, 259, mentions the same place (Chiothachie) as the seat of his sanjakate. Knolles (ed. 1687, p. 986) says that all the _Beylerbeys_ except the _Beylerbey_ of Rumelia were supposed to reside within their dominions. [359] _Tractatus_, ch. xi. [360] Trevisano, 132.