[541] A translation of a portion of the table of contents of this collection, as found in the manuscript Fluegel No. 1816, in the Imperial Library at Vienna, is given in Appendix III, below. This shows by comparison with the headings in Hammer’s _Staatsverfassung_, 396-424, that Hammer has there translated at least one-half of the manuscript, though he appears to attribute these sections to the _Kanun-nameh_ of Achmet I (_ibid._ 384). The table of contents of the latter collection of laws is very different (see next note). [542] The _Kanun-nameh_ of Achmet I, issued in 1619, contained collections of (1) feudal laws; (2) laws of the army, the navy, the outer and the inner service; (3) laws of police, finance, and fiefs. See Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, pp. xviii, xix. [543] This statement is based on information obtained from a gentleman long resident in Turkey. [544] Zinkeisen, iii. 161 ff. [545] Macdonald, 10. [546] Hammer, _Geschichte_, i. 96. [547] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 32. [548] D’Ohsson, i. 258 ff. [549] “The dignity of the Imâmate does not absolutely demand that the Imâm be just, virtuous, or irreproachable, or that he be the most eminent and the most excellent of the human beings of his time” (from the _Multeka_, quoted by D’Ohsson, i. 271); “Vices or tyranny in an Imâm do not demand his deposition” (_ibid._ 288). This is the doctrine of orthodox Islam, as the outcome of the early Kharijite schisms. The Shiites are more critical as regards their sovereigns, who are not regarded as _Imâms_. [550] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 32; D’Ohsson, i. 291. [551] Busbecq, _Life and Letters_, i. 331-333; D’Ohsson, iv. 50 ff. [552] Busbecq, i. 331; D’Ohsson, iv. 103, 280. [553] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 71, 486. [554] _Ibid._ ii. 216-217, 223. [555] _Ibid._ i. 565, ii. 223. [556] See above, pp. 58, 59. [557] A. Barbarigo, 155; D. Barbarigo, 26; Bernardo, 326; Erizzo, 136. See also Chesneau, 41. [558] Barbaro, 319. [559] Postel, iii. _passim_, gives various glimpses of his life. [560] _Siasset Namèh_, 163. [561] The position and duties of the grand vizier at a later date are described at length by Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 79-101, and by D’Ohsson, vii. 177-189. [562] Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 226; taken from the Turkish historian Aali and referring to the time of Mohammed II. [563] Postel, i. 123. [564] Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 5. [565] _Ibid._ iii. 793. [566] The position of the _Defterdars_ about the year 1800 is discussed in D’Ohsson, vii. 261 ff., and in Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 137 ff. Contemporary accounts are found in Menavino, 168; Ramberti, below, p. 247; Junis Bey, below, p. 265; Postel, iii. 66-70.