[606] Postel, iii. 67, says that it does not include the _timars_. He says (iii. 168) that some call the total revenue 12,000,000 ducats, in which they must include the income of the fief-holders. Bragadin, 106, says that the income is 12,000,000. Ramberti (below, p. 261) estimates it at 15,000,000, of which 5,000,000 goes into the treasury and 10,000,000 remains for the “servants of war.” [607] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 472; and see above, p. 144 and note 2. [608] Accounts are given in D’Ohsson, vii. 159-172, and in Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 101-137. References to the _Nishanji_ are found in Spandugino, 99; Menavino, 168; Ramberti, below, p. 248; Ludovisi, 14; Navagero, 94; Trevisano, 118; Garzoni, 430; Junis Bey (below, p. 266) and Postel, iii. 63, speak of a _Teskereji-bashi_, giving a description which applies exactly to the _Nishanji_ as represented by contemporaries. Since the word means merely “chief of document-writers,” it refers without doubt to the _Nishanji_. [609] Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 133. [610] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 54. [611] Postel, iii. 63. See also Ramberti, below, p. 248. [612] Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 229, iii. 796. The first _Reis Effendi_ whose name is known was Haider Effendi, executed in 1525 on the charge of promoting an uprising of the Janissaries. The office is mentioned in the _Kanun-nameh_ of Mohammed II (Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 90). [613] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 126 ff.; Busbecq, _Life and Letters_, _passim_. [614] Ricaut, 57. [615] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 90. [616] Trevisano (1554), 118. Morosini (1585), 266, says that the employees of the chancery were then native Turks. [617] Hammer, _Geschichte_, i. 35. [618] Cahun, _Introduction_, 82, speaking of Turks of the steppe lands: “Dès qu’ils descendaient de cheval, c’étaient des barbares bureaucrates et paperassiers.” [619] Spandugino, 185. [620] The Divan, as it was about 1800, is described in D’Ohsson, vii. 211-232; and in Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 412-436. Contemporary references are Menavino, 169; Postel, i. 122; Navagero, 93; Trevisano, 117; Garzoni, 430. Zinkeisen, iii. 117-125, has pictured the Divan in the sixteenth century. [621] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 489. This is the first of the reasons given by Kochi Bey for the decline of the empire after Suleiman. [622] Postel, i. 123; Trevisano, 119; Garzoni, 431. D. Barbarigo, 32, gives an instance in which Suleiman made use of this means of information, and in consequence ordered the execution of the grand vizier Achmet. [623] Hammer (_Staatsverwaltung_, 412-436) gives them with great exactness.