[624] In the time of Mohammed II a procession was formed by the members of the Divan, the men of the lowest rank in front, and the grand vizier last. On reaching the door of the hall, the lesser officials stopped and separated into two lines, between which the grand vizier advanced. The greater officials followed, so that the hall was entered in the order of rank. See Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 225. [625] From the _Kanun_ of Mohammed II: Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 89. Aali (used by Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 225) gives a different arrangement, which can hardly have been correct. [626] Postel, i. 123. [627] Garzoni, 431. [628] Postel, i. 123. [629] Garzoni, 431. [630] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 89; Trevisano, 118-119. [631] Navagero, 98; D. Barbarigo, 26. See also above, p. 164 and note 3. [632] Postel, i. 123. [633] Trevisano, 120. See above, p. 164. [634] Zinkeisen, iii. 125; Tiepolo, 164. [635] Heidborn, 141: “Le divan était à la fois une sorte de Conseil d’État, où se discutaient les affaires politiques importantes, et une Cour suprême autorisée à évoquer tout litige devant elle et à connaître notamment des procès entre Ottomans et étrangers qui dépassaient la valeur de 3000 aspres.” [636] Although this and other features of the Moslem Institution will be spoken of throughout this chapter in the past tense, much that is mentioned remains in existence in Turkey at the present time. The _vakfs_ are discussed at length in D’Ohsson, ii. 437-567; and more briefly in Belin, _La Propriété Foncière_, 74-104. Heidborn, 306 ff., gives a well-analyzed account; and on p. 306, note 245, he mentions additional authorities. [637] Ricaut, 213. [638] D’Ohsson, ii. 540. [639] Ricaut, 217. D’Ohsson, ii. 532, expresses a different opinion. [640] Interest was allowable on the funds belonging to mosques, though otherwise forbidden: Ricaut, 218; D’Ohsson, ii. 550. [641] See below, p. 234, note 1. [642] Ramberti, below, p. 243; Ricaut, 215. [643] Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 237. [644] Ricaut, 215. In D’Ohsson’s time (ii. 538) it was estimated at 1,000,000 aspers. Nicolay, 68, says that it had been 300,000 ducats before the conquest. [645] Morosini, 267; Zane, 406; Heidborn, 309. [646] Mohammed II fixed these fees: for example, 7 aspers for sealing a document, 12 for a signature, 32 for the marriage contract of a virgin, 15 for that of a widow, etc. See Hammer, _Staatsverfassung,_ 100. [647] D’Ohsson, iv. 599. [648] The _Ulema_ and other members of the Moslem Institution are described in D’Ohsson, iv. 482-686. Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 372-412, gives a summary of D’Ohsson’s treatment. Heidborn, 208-210, describes the educational system summarily. [649] The ten studies were grammar, syntax, logic, metaphysics, philology, tropics, stylistics, rhetoric, geometry, and astronomy: Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 238.