[797] The object of this appendix is to set forth in outline the features of the Mogul government, in order to suggest comparison with that of the Ottoman Empire. Completeness neither of research nor of exposition has been attempted. A list of the authorities consulted, most of which are secondary, will be found at the end of the appendix. [798] Lavisse and Rambaud, _Histoire Générale_, vi. 879. [799] Leopold Ranke, _The Ottoman and the Spanish Empires_, Preface, 1. [800] The report at this page, though ascribed to Jacopo Soranzo, 1581, and so referred to in the foregoing footnotes, was really written in 1582 by some one in his suite. GLOSSARY OF TURKISH WORDS The pronunciation of the words defined should be approximately phonetic, the vowels by the continental system, the consonants as usually in English. Forms not defined are variant Western spellings. Gh is silent except at the beginning of a word. Plurals of nouns originally Turkish are formed by affixing -ler or -lar. The plurals in -s used in the foregoing pages are Anglicized. Achiar, or Aconiziae, _see_ Akinji. Adet, established custom, 152, 161. Agha, a general officer. Aghiar, _see_ Akinji. Agiamoglani, _see_ Ajem-oghlan. Ajem-oghlan (untrained youth), a cadet or apprentice Janissary, 79 ff. Akinji, the irregular cavalry, 105. Alai Bey, a colonel of the feudal cavalry, 103. Alcangi, Akanzi, or Alengi, _see_ Akinji. Allophase, _see_ Ulufagi. Ameji, a receiver of petitions, etc., 183. Aquangi, _see_ Akinji. Arpa-emini, intendant of forage, 132. Ashji-bashi, a chief cook, 245. Azab, the irregular infantry, 105. Bailo (Italian), a Venetian minister resident at Constantinople. Bairam, the name of two great Moslem festivals, 136. Balucasi, _see_ Boluk-bashi. Bascia, _see_ Pasha. Bash, a head, a chief. Bassa, _see_ Pasha. Berat, an ordinance, or document conferring a dignity or privilege. Berat-emini, a distributor of ordinances, 253. Beylerbey (lord of lords), a general of feudal cavalry and governor of a province or group of provinces, 103. Beylikji, a director of the three chancery bureaus, 183. Beylik Kalemi, a bureau of the Chancery, 183. Bezestan, a market house in Constantinople, built by Mohammed II. Bin(m)bashi (chief of a thousand), a colonel. Boluk-bashi, a captain of the Janissaries, 249. Bostanji, a gardener. Bostanji-bashi, the head gardener of the Sultan’s palace—a high official, 130. Cacaia, _see_ Kiaya. Cadilescher, _see_ Kaziasker. Cahaia, or Caia, _see_ Kiaya. Calvalgibassi, _see_ Helvaji-bashi. Capagasi, _see_ Kapu-aghasi. Capiagabasi, _see_ Kapuji-bashi. Capi (oglan), _see_ Ghureba (oghlan). Caragi, _see_ Kharâji. Caripicus, _see_ Ghureba. Caripp (oglan), _see_ Ghureba (oghlan). Caripy, _see_ Ghureba. Carmandari (Italianized), muleteers, 251. Carzeri, _see_ Kharâji. Casnandarbasi, _see_ Khazinehdar-bashi.