E-text prepared by Dave Kline, Christine P. Travers, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) Transcriber's note: Text enclosed between paired asterisks is in bold face. Original page numbers are shown at the right margin to facilitate use of the index. THE GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPE The MacMillan Company New York - Boston - Chicago Dallas - San Francisco MacMillan & Co., Limited London - Bombay - Calcutta Melbourne The MacMillan Co. of Canada, Ltd. Toronto THE GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPE by FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG, Ph. D. Professor of Political Science in the University of Wisconsin Author of "Social Progress in Contemporary Europe" New York The MacMillan Company 1918 All rights reserved Copyright, 1913. by the MacMillan Company Set up and electrotyped. Published February, 1913. Reprinted July, December, 1913; June, 1914; August, 1915; July, 1916; September, 1917. TO MY FATHER PREFACE (p. vii) It is a matter of common observation that during the opening years of the twentieth century there has been, in many portions of the civilized world, a substantial quickening of interest in the principles and problems of human government. The United States is happily among those countries in which the phenomenon can be observed, and we have witnessed in recent times not only the organization of societies and the establishment of journals designed to foster research within the field, but also a notable multiplication and strengthening of courses in political science open to students in our colleges and universities, as well as the development of clubs, forums, extension courses, and other facilities for the increasing of political information and the stimulation of political thinking on the part of the people at large. It is the object of this book to promote the intelligent study of government by supplying working descriptions of the governmental systems of the various countries of western and central Europe as they have taken form and as they operate at the present day. Conceived and prepared primarily as a text for use in college courses, it is hoped none the less that the volume may prove of service to persons everywhere whose interest in the subject leads them to seek the sort of information which is here presented.