Blossius spared--The law of T. Gracchus carried out--Explanation of Italian opposition to it--Attitude of Scipio Aemilianus--His murder--Quaestorship of Caius Gracchus--The Alien Act of Pennus--Flaccus proposes to give the Socii the franchise--Revolt and extirpation of Fregellae--Tribunate of Caius Gracchus--Compared to Tiberius--His aims--His Corn Law defended--His Lex Judiciaria--His law concerning the taxation of Asia--His conciliation of the equites--His colonies--He proposes to give the franchise to the Italians--Other projects--Machinations of the nobles against him--M. Livius Drusus outbids him--Stands again for the tribunate, but is rejected--His murder--Some of his laws remain in force--The Maria Lex--Reactionary legislation of the Senate--The Lex Thoria--All offices confined to a close circle CHAPTER IV. THE JUGURTHINE WAR. Legacy of Attalus--Aristonicus usurps his kingdom--Settlement of Asia--Jugurtha murders Hiempsal and attacks Adherbal--His intrigues at Rome and the infamy of M. Aemilius Scaurus and the other Roman nobles--Three commissions bribed by Jugurtha--Adherbal murdered--Rome declares war and Jugurtha bribes the Roman generals, Bestia and Scaurus--Memmius denounces them at Rome--Jugurtha summoned to Rome, where he murders Massiva--He defeats Aulus Albinos--Metellus sent against him Jugurtha defeated on the Muthul--Keeps up a guerilla warfare--Marius stands for the consulship, and succeeds Metellus--Bocchus betrays Jugurtha to Sulla--Settlement of Numidia CHAPTER V. THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES. Recommencement of the Social struggle at Rome--Marius the popular hero--Incessant frontier-warfare of the Romans--The Cimbri defeat Carbo and Silanus--Caepio and 'The Gold of Tolosa'--The Cimbri defeat Scaurus and Caepio--Marius elected consul--The Cimbri march towards Spain--Their nationality--Their plan of operations--Plan of Marius--Battle of Aquae Sextiae--Battle of Vercellae CHAPTER VI. THE ROMAN ARMY. Second Slave War--Aquillius ends it--Changes in the Roman army--Uniform equipment of the legionary--Mariani muli--The cohort the tactical unit--The officers--Numbers of the legion--The pay--The praetorian cohort--Dislike to service--The army becomes professional CHAPTER VII. SATURNINUS AND DRUSUS. Saturninus takes up the Gracchan policy, in league with Glaucia and Marius--The Lex Servilia meant to relieve the provincials, conciliate the equites, and throw open the judicia to all citizens--Agrarian law of Saturninus--His laws about grain and treason--Murder of Memmius, Glaucia's rival--Saturninus is attacked and deserted by Marius--The Lex Licinia Minucia heralds the Social War--Drusus attempts reform--Obliged to tread in the steps of the Gracchi--His proposals with regard to the Italians, the coinage, corn, colonies and the equites--Opposed by Philippus and murdered CHAPTER VIII. THE SOCIAL WAR.