[110] On Pragmatism, especially Nietzschean pragmatism, and the place it holds (whether they confess it or not) in almost all the moral and political teachings really characteristic of this time, see R. Berthelot, _Un Romantisme Utilitaire_, tome i, page 28 onwards. I can best show the novelty of the pragmatist attitude, especially among the French moralists, by quoting a remark of Montaigne which they all, before Barrès, would have ratified: ‘The honour and beauty of an action cannot be argued from its utility.’ Let us not forget, however, that Nietzsche, always unfaithful to his disciples, declares that ‘in the long run, utility, like everything else, is simply a figment of our imagination, and may well be the _fatal stupidity by which we shall one day perish_’. [111] That it why Pragmatism is also called Humanism. (See F. Schiller, _Protagoras or Plato_.) [112] We know how the two are reconciled. Jesus, they say, preached the spirit of sacrifice, which is the basis of all human institutions. As if Jesus preached the spirit of sacrifice which wins battles and secures empires! [113] ‘The true warrior remains human in the midst of the blood he sheds.’ (De Maistre.) [114] For example, when they make a soldier say in heaven: ‘You must know, my friends, that among all things done upon earth, nothing is more agreeable to the eyes of those who rule the universe than societies of men founded upon respect for laws, which we call cities.’ (Cicero, _Scipio’s Dream_.) [115] Sorel, loc. cit. [116] And from any patriotism. Nietzsche and Sorel prove that love of war is something totally distinct from love of country, although most often they coincide. [117] Ernest Psichari, _Terres de Soleil et de Sommeil_. And, in _L’Appel des armes_, through the mouth of a character who obviously has all the author’s sympathies; ‘I think it necessary that there should be in the world a certain number of the men who are called soldiers and who place their ideal in fighting, who have a taste for battle, not for victory but for the contest, as hunters have a taste for hunting, not for game!... The part we have to play, or otherwise we lose our reason for existing and have no more meaning, is to maintain a military ideal, not a nationally military ideal, but a militarily military ideal, if I may so express it.’ The religion of this moralist is, according to his own expression, _integral militarism_. ‘Big guns,’ he says, ‘are the most real realities which exist, the sole realities of the modern world.’ And obviously these realities are divinities for this ‘spiritual’ person and his followers.