The first is what I shall call a certain _Jewish nationalism_. In the past, when the Jews were accused in various countries of forming an inferior race, or at any rate a peculiar people not to be assimilated, they replied by denying their peculiarity, by trying to get rid of all appearance of peculiarity, and by refusing to admit the reality of race. But in the last few years we see some of them labouring to assert this peculiarity, to define its characteristics--or what they think such--taking a pride in it, and condemning every effort at assimilation with their opponents (see the works of Israel Zangwill, of André Spire, and the _Revue Juive_). Here I am not trying to discover whether the impulse of these Jews is or is not nobler than the efforts of so many others to have their origin pardoned them; I am simply pointing out to those interested in the progress of peace in the world that our age has added one more arrogance to those which set men against each other, at least to the extent that it is conscious and proud of itself.[6] The other impulse I am thinking of is ‘_bourgeoisism_’, by which I mean the passion of the bourgeois class in asserting itself against the class by which it is threatened. It may be said that until our own times, ‘class hatred’, as a conscious hatred proud of itself, was chiefly the hatred of the labourer for the bourgeois. The reciprocal hatred was much less clearly confessed. Ashamed of an egotism they thought peculiar to their own caste, the bourgeois temporized with this egotism, would not admit even to themselves that it existed, tried to convince themselves and others that it was a form of interest in the common good.[7] The bourgeois replied to the dogma of the class war by denying that there really are any classes, thereby showing that while they felt an inalterable opposition to the adverse party, they were unwilling to admit that they felt it. To-day we have only to think of Italian ‘Fascism’, of a certain ‘Eloge du Bourgeois Français’, and numerous other manifestations of the same kind,[8] and we shall see that the bourgeoisie are becoming fully conscious of their specific egotisms, are proclaiming and venerating them as such and as though these egotisms were bound up with the supreme interests of the human race, that they are proud of this veneration and of setting up these egotisms against those which are trying to destroy the bourgeoisie. In our time there has been created the ‘mysticism’ of bourgeois passion in its opposition to the passions of the other class.[9] Here again our age enters in the balance-sheet of humanity the arrival of yet one more passion at full possession of itself. The progress of political passions in depth during the past century seems to me most remarkable in the case of national passions.