Look also to Spain's achievements in America, a new continent, but one already vastly important because of the broad empires Spaniards were winning there, the enormous wealth that was beginning to pour into the mother-country. Settlement had begun immediately on the discovery. Rich mines were opened and the Indians forced to work in them as slaves. As the unhappy aborigines perished by thousands under the unaccustomed toil, negroes were brought from Africa to supply their places, were driven like wild beasts to the labor.[19] The New World became more like a hell than like the paradise for which Isabella and Columbus planned. Cortes conquered Mexico,[20] rich with gold beyond all that Europe had even dreamed. Pizarro found in Peru[21] a civilization whose remarkable advance we are only lately beginning to realize. And he annihilated it--for gold. Lima was founded, and Buenos Aires, to be twice destroyed by Indians and yet become the metropolis of South America.[22] Even here extended the rivalry of the great European monarchs, Charles and Francis. Cartier, in the service of the latter, refused to acknowledge the claims of Spain to America, and exploring the St. Lawrence planned for France a colonial empire to match that of her enemy.[23] De Leon discovered Florida, and died while seeking there to emulate the successes of Cortes. De Soto discovered the Mississippi[24] and he also perished, lured on in the same knight-errant search for another golden empire to conquer. Who, having read the lives of such adventurers as these, shall ridicule the wildest extravagance in all the romances of chivalry? Wonderland grew real around these men. They achieved impossibilities. The maddest imaginings of the poets, the most fantastic tales of knightly wanderings and successes, seem slight beside the exploits of these daring, dauntless, heartless cavaliers of Spain. [FOR THE NEXT SECTION OF THIS GENERAL SURVEY SEE VOLUME X] FOOTNOTES: [1] See _Luther Begins the Reformation in Germany_, page 1. [2] See _The Field of the Cloth of Gold_, page 59. [3] See _Liberation of Sweden_, page 79. [4] See The Peasants' War in Germany, page 93. [5] See _France Loses Italy_, page 111. [6] See _Sack of Rome by the Imperial Troops_, page 124. [7] See _Great Religious Movement in England_, page 137. [8] See _England Breaks with the Roman Church_, page 203. [9] See _Calvin is Driven from Paris_, page 176. [10] See _Revolution of Astronomy by Copernicus_, page 285. [11] See _Founding of the Jesuits_, page 261. [12] See _Introduction of Christianity into Japan_, page 325. [13] See _Council of Trent_, page 293. [14] See _Protestant Struggle against Charles V_, page 313. [15] See _Collapse of the Power of Charles V_, page 337. [16] See _The Religious Peace of Augsburg_, page 348. [17] See _Akbar Establishes the Mogul Empire in India_, page 366. [18] See _First Circumnavigation of the Globe_, page 41. [19] See _Negro Slavery in America_, page 36.