_The First Written Free Constitution in the World (A.D. 1639)_ _Earliest Union among American Colonies (A.D. 1643)_, 205 GIDEON H. HOLLISTER JOHN MARSHALL _Abolition of the Court of Star-chamber (A.D. 1641)_ _The Popular Revolt against Charles I_, 215 HENRY HALLAM LORD MACAULAY _The Founding of Montreal (A.D. 1642)_, 232 ALFRED SANDHAM _Presbyterianism Established_ _Meeting of the Westminster Assembly (A.D. 1643)_, 238 DAVID MASSON _Masaniello's Revolt at Naples (A.D. 1647)_, 253 ALFRED VON REUMONT _The Peace of Westphalia (A.D. 1648)_ _The War of the Fronde_, 285 ARTHUR HASSALL _Religious Toleration Proclaimed in Maryland (A.D. 1649)_, 303 G. L. DAVIS _The Great Civil War in England_ _The Execution of Charles I (A.D. 1649)_, 311 LORD MACAULAY CHARLES KNIGHT _Cromwell's Campaign in Ireland (A.D. 1649)_, 335 FREDERIC HARRISON _Molière Creates Modern Comedy (A.D. 1659)_, 347 HENRI VAN LAUN _Cromwell's Rule in England_ _The Restoration (A.D. 1660)_, 357 THOMAS CARLYLE JOHN RICHARD GREEN SAMUEL PEPYS _Universal Chronology (A.D. 1609-1660)_, 387 JOHN RUDD LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME XI PAGE _The imperial Austrian Councillors are thrown out of the window of the castle of Hradschin by the enraged Bohemian Deputies, thus precipitating the Thirty Years' War (page 65)_, Frontispiece Painting by Vacslaw Brezik. _Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth Rock_, 106 Painting by A. Gisbert. AN OUTLINE NARRATIVE TRACING BRIEFLY THE CAUSES, CONNECTIONS, AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREAT EVENTS (ERA OF POLITICAL-RELIGIOUS WARS) CHARLES F. HORNE Gazing across the broader field of universal history, one comes more and more to overlook the merely temporary, constantly shifting border lines of states, and to see Western Europe as a whole, to watch its nations as a single people guided by similar developments of the mind, impelled by similar stirrings of the heart, taking part in but a single story, the marvellous tale of man's advance.