78. Voters who have sent a deputy to the Soviet have the right to recall him, and to have a new election, according to general provisions. It is quite clear that the suffrage here provided for is not universal; that certain classes of people commonly found in modern civilized nations in considerable numbers are not entitled to vote. There may be some doubt as to the precise meaning of some of the paragraphs in Chapter XIII, but it is certain that, if the language used is to be subject to no esoteric interpretation, the following social groups are excluded from the right to vote: (_a_) all persons who employ hired labor for profit, including farmers with a single hired helper; (_b_) all persons who draw incomes from interest, rent, or profit; (_c_) all persons engaged in private trade, even to the smallest shopkeeper; (_d_) all ministers of religion of every kind; (_e_) all persons engaged in work which is not defined by the proper authorities as “productive and useful to society”; (_f_) members of the old royal family and those formerly employed in the old police service. It is obvious that a very large part of the present voting population of this country would be disfranchised if we should adopt these restrictions or anything like them. It may be fairly argued in reply, however, that the disfranchisement would be--and now is, in Russia--a temporary condition only; that the object of the discriminations, and of other political and economic arrangements complementary to them, is to force people out of such categories as are banned and penalized with disfranchisement--and that this is being done in Russia. In other words, people are to be forced to cease hiring labor for profit, engaging in private trade, being ministers of religion, living on incomes derived from interest, rent, or profits. They are to be forced into service that is “productive and useful to society,” and when that is accomplished they will become qualified to vote. Thus practically universal suffrage is possible, in theory at any rate.