Orators -- Greece; Oratory, Ancient; Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek -- History and criticism
In 1847 portions of his speeches began to reappear among the papyri
discovered in Egypt. In that year a roll, containing fragments of the
speech _Against Demosthenes_ and of the first half of the _Defence of
Lycophron_, was brought to England; a second roll discovered in the
same year was found to contain the second half of the _Lycophron_ and
the whole of the _Euxenippus_. In 1856 were discovered considerable
fragments of the Funeral Speech. In 1890, some fragments of the speech
_Against Philippides_ were acquired by the British Museum, while the most
important discovery of all was that of the speech _Against Athenogenes_.
The MS. was purchased for the Louvre in 1888, but the complete text was
only published in 1892. Its importance may be estimated by the fact that
Dionysius couples this speech and the defence of Phryne as being the
best examples of a style in which Hyperides surpassed even Demosthenes.
The papyrus itself is of interest as giving us one of the very earliest
classical MSS. that we possess; it dates from the 2nd century B.C.[439]
In many points Hyperides challenges comparison with Lysias. The criticism
of Dionysius is well worth our consideration: ‘Hyperides is sure of aim,
but seldom exalts his subject; in the technique of diction he surpasses
Lysias, in subtlety (of structure) he surpasses all. He keeps a firm hold
throughout on the matter at issue, and clings close to the essential
details. He is well equipped with intelligence, and is full of charm; he
seems simple, but is no stranger to cleverness.’[440]
The first sentence contrasts Hyperides once for all with his contemporary
Lycurgus, who, while less sure of his aim, has a personal dignity which
gives exaltation to every theme.
We have hardly enough of the work of Hyperides to enable us to form a
first-hand judgment as to the merits of his diction compared with that of
Lysias. He has, indeed, the same simplicity and naturalness, but hardly,
so far as we can judge, the same felicity of expression.
Hermogenes blames him for carelessness and lack of restraint in the use
of words, instancing such expressions as μονώτατος, γαλέαγρα, ἐπήβολος,
etc., which seem to him unsuited for literary prose. As we have had
occasion to notice already, rare and unusual words may be found
occasionally in every orator, almost in every writer. Hyperides was no
purist; he enlivened his style with words taken from the vocabulary of
Comedy and of the streets. He did not wait for authority to use any
expression which would give a point to his utterance.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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