Orators -- Greece; Oratory, Ancient; Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek -- History and criticism
‘As the sun traverses the whole world, marking out the seasons,
and ordering everything in due proportion, and for the prudent
and temperate of mankind takes charge of the growth of their
food, the fruits of the earth and all else that is beneficial
for life; so our city ever continues to punish the wicked and
help the righteous, preserving equal opportunities for all,
and restraining covetousness, and by her own risk and loss
providing common security for all Greece.’[445]
The _Epitaphios_ from which the last quotation is taken is a speech of
a formal kind composed in the _epideictic_ style, and naturally recalls
similar speeches of Isocrates and others. Its composition shows much
greater care than was taken with the other speeches; thus there are few
examples of harsh hiatus, a matter to which the author as a rule paid
no attention. All the other extant speeches have far more instances of
clashing vowels.[446] The antithetical sentences are appropriate to the
style, and the periodic structure is like that of Isocrates, except that
the sentences are, on the whole, shorter and simpler.
In other speeches he mingles the periodic and the free styles with
discretion. The objection to a long period is that it takes time to
understand it; we cannot fully appreciate the importance of any one
part until we have reached the end and are in a position to look back
at the whole. For practical oratory it is far better to make a short
statement which may be in periodic form, and amplify it by subsequent
additions loosely connected by καί, δέ, γάρ, and such particles. This
is what Hyperides does with success, for instance in the opening of the
_Euxenippus_, an argumentative passage.[447] In narrative passages a free
style is expected.[448]
In contrast to this flowing style we must notice the quick abrupt
succession of short sentences which he sometimes affects, either in the
form of question and answer, as in the following fragment, or otherwise:
‘“Did you propose that the slaves should be made free?” “I did,
to save the free men from becoming slaves.” “Did you move that
the disfranchised citizens should be enfranchised?”—“I did, in
order that all in harmony might fight side by side for their
country.”’[449]
Still more effective is the following:
‘It is on this account that you have enacted laws to deal
separately with every possible offence that a citizen may
commit. A man commits sacrilege—prosecution for sacrilege
before the king-archon. He neglects his parents—the archon
sits on his case. A man proposes an illegal measure—there is
the council of the Thesmothetae. He makes himself liable to
arrest—the “eleven” are permanent officials.’[450]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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