Orators -- Greece; Oratory, Ancient; Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek -- History and criticism
The _Epitaphios_ or Funeral Speech is a composition in a well-known
conventional form. The topics for such a speech were already laid down
by long custom. The skill of the orator is seen in his original way of
handling the traditional commonplaces. First of all there is the strong
personal note. He had been associated in politics with Leosthenes,
and with him was jointly responsible for the Lamian war in which the
latter met his death.[468] His personal feeling for the general is very
prominent in the speech; Leosthenes is in fact the principal theme; he is
put, as M. Croiset remarks, almost on a level with Athens:—‘Leosthenes
seeing all Greece humbled and cowering, brought to ruin by the traitors
whom Philip and Alexander had bought; seeing that our city wanted a
man, and all Greece wanted a city, to take the leadership, freely gave
himself for his country and gave our city for the Greeks to win their
freedom.’[469] It is not, he says, that he wishes to slight the other
patriots, but in praising Leosthenes he is praising all. He draws a fancy
picture of the heroes of antiquity welcoming Leosthenes in Hades. It is
a sign of the times that the individual should so be exalted; we have
travelled far indeed from the cold impersonality of Pericles, to whom
the nameless heroes who sacrifice their lives are but part of a pageant
passing before the eyes of the deathless city. The consolation to the
living is remarkable for containing references to a future life, which
is quite without precedent:—‘It is hard to comfort those who are in
such grief; for neither speeches nor laws can send sorrow to sleep’ ...
(there follow remarks about eternal praise, which are not particularly
characteristic; but he concludes in a higher strain):—‘Furthermore, if
the dead are as though they had never been, our friends are released from
sickness and pain and the other misadventures which afflict mankind; but
if the dead have consciousness, and are under the care of God, as we
believe, we may be sure that they, who upheld the honour of the gods when
it was threatened, are now the objects of God’s loving kindness.’[470]
Truly Socrates had not lived in vain.
The speech _Against Athenogenes_[471] is an admirable example of the
orator’s lighter style. Its chief merit is the way in which the narrative
of the events is delivered by the speaker.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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