Of the speeches known to us only by name or by short fragments, it is probable that some at any rate were the work of Antiphon the Sophist, with whom the orator is often confused. A work on rhetoric and a collection of proëmia and epilogues were also current under the orator’s name. CHAPTER III THRASYMACHUS—ANDOCIDES § 1 A new period begins with Thrasymachus of Chalcedon, who adopted Athens as his home. He is placed by Aristotle between Tisias, one of the founders of rhetoric, and Theodorus of Byzantium,[76] who was a contemporary of Lysias. According to the chronology of Plato’s _Phaedrus_, he was already at the height of his powers when Isocrates was only a youth of promise.[77] The dramatic date of the dialogue being 410 B.C., we may suppose him to have been born between 460 and 450 B.C., though there is no clear indication. He seems to have followed the lines of his predecessors. He composed a τέχνη or handbook of rhetoric, and composed or compiled a collection of passages to serve as models for his pupils, called by Suidas ἀφορμαὶ ῥητορικαί (_oratorical resources_). This probably included the _exordia_ and _epilogues_ mentioned by Athenaeus.[78] Aristotle mentions a work called Ἔλεοι (_appeals to pity_),[79] and a book with the mysterious title ὑπερβάλλοντες completed his educational output.[80] He composed also some epideictic speeches, which, as Suidas calls them παίγνια, were probably of the mythological type, of which we possess examples in the _Helen_ and _Palamedes_ of Gorgias. Dionysius says that he left no deliberative or forensic speeches, and this statement agrees with the known fact that he was an alien, and therefore could not appear in the courts or the assembly.[81] On the other hand, Suidas mentions public speeches, and Dionysius has himself preserved a fragment of what appears to be a deliberative speech.[82] The probability is that this was composed only as a model for his pupils, and it is, in fact, of a vagueness which would be appropriate to almost any circumstances. He excelled in the ‘pathetic’ style: ‘For the “sorrows of a poor old man,”’ says Socrates, ‘or any other pathetic case, no one is better than the Chalcedonian giant; he can put a whole company of people into a passion and out of one again by his mighty magic, and is first-rate at inventing or disposing of any sort of calumny on any grounds or none.’[83] These gifts seem to have been the natural expression of his impetuous and passionate character represented in the _Republic_.[84]