Orators -- Greece; Oratory, Ancient; Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek -- History and criticism
Many of the Sophists wrote imaginary speeches on legendary themes, and
Isocrates, though this art was outside his province, strayed into it
as a critic. The _Busiris_ (Or. xi.), 391 B.C., addressed to a Sophist
Polycrates, contains first a criticism of a speech composed by Polycrates
on that subject, and secondly an exposition of how Isocrates himself
would treat such a theme. Incidentally, Isocrates accepts the early
legends as true on the whole, while rejecting certain parts of them as
unbecoming.
The _Encomium of Helen_ (Or. x.), 370 B.C., begins with criticism of
a certain encomium which is generally believed to be the extant one
attributed to Gorgias. The previous writer has written not an encomium
but an apology; Isocrates himself will write a real encomium, omitting
all the topics which have been used by others.
The _Evagoras_ (Or. ix.), 365 B.C. (?), was composed for a festival
celebrated by Nicocles in memory of his father, Evagoras of Salamis, who
died 374 B.C. It contains a laudatory account of the king’s career, and
an encouragement to the son to emulate his father’s virtues.
The _Panathenaicus_ was begun when Isocrates was 94 years old, _i.e._
in 342 B.C. Owing to an illness, he was not able to finish it for three
years. It contains much of the material which had already been used
in the _Areopagiticus_. Its main topic is the greatness of Athens,
considered historically, and not with reference to contemporary politics.
But it contains long digressions—a defence of his own system against the
attacks of certain baser Sophists (§§ 5-34); a discourse on Agamemnon
(§§ 62-73); a personal explanation (§§ 99 _sqq._), in which the author
explains that the speech would naturally end at this point, and details
the conversations and discussions which led him to continue it. He was
blamed for being too harsh against Sparta, and though he silenced his
critics, he had some misgivings. The result is to increase the length of
the speech by one third, and completely to spoil the balance and destroy
whatever unity it possessed.
_Forensic Speeches_
Six forensic speeches have come down to us; they belong to the early
days of Isocrates, who in later years regretted that he had ever been
concerned with such an art; they may be dismissed in a few words:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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