V. Rise of idealism and accompanying tendency to set convention above Nature, 85—Agnosticism of Protagoras, 87—In what sense he made man the measure of all things, 88—His defence of civilisation, 89—Similar views expressed by Thucydides, 90—Contrast between the naturalism of Aeschylus and the humanism of Sophocles, 91—The flexible character of Nomos favourable to education, 92—Greek youths and modern women, 93—The teaching of rhetoric, 93—It is subsequently developed into eristicism, 94. VI. The nihilism of Gorgias, 95—His arguments really directed against the worship of Nature, 96—The power of rhetoric in ancient Athens and modern England, 97—The doctrines of Protagoras as developed by the Cyrenaic school, 99—and by the Megaric school, 100—Subsequent history of the antithesis between Nature and Law, 100. VII. Variety of tendencies represented by the Sophists, 102—Their position in Greek society, 103—The different views taken of their profession in ancient and modern times, 104—Their place in the development of Greek philosophy, 107. CHAPTER III. THE PLACE OF SOCRATES IN GREEK PHILOSOPHY pages 108-170 I. Universal celebrity of Socrates, 108—Our intimate knowledge of his appearance and character, 109—Conflicting views of his philosophy, 110—Untrustworthiness of the Platonic _Apologia_, 111—Plato’s account contradicted by Xenophon, 113—Consistency of the _Apologia_ with the general standpoint of Plato’s Dialogues, 114—The Platonic idea of science, 115-— How Plato can help us to understand Socrates, 116. II. Zeller’s theory of the Socratic philosophy, 117—Socrates did not offer any definition of knowledge, 119—Nor did he correct the deficiencies of Greek physical speculation, 120—His attitude towards physics resembled that of Protagoras, 121—Positive theories of morality and religion which he entertained, 123. III. True meaning and originality of the Socratic teaching, 125—Circumstances by which the Athenian character was formed, 126—Its prosaic, rationalistic, and utilitarian tendencies, 127—Effect produced by the possession of empire, 128—The study of mind in art and philosophy, 128—How the Athenian character was represented by Socrates, 129—His sympathy with its practical and religious side, 130—His relation to the Humanists, 131—His identification of virtue with knowledge, 132—The search for a unifying principle in ethics, 133—Importance of knowledge as a factor in conduct and civilisation, 133—Fundamental identity of all the mental processes, 136. IV. Harmony of theory and practice in the life of Socrates, 137—Mind as a principle (i.) of self-control, (ii.) of co-operation, and (iii.) of spontaneous energy, 137—Derivation and function of the cross-examining elenchus, 138—How it illustrates the negative moment of Greek thought, 139—Conversations with Glauco and Euthydemus, 139—The erotetic method as an aid to self-discipline, 141—Survival of contradictory debate in the speeches of Thucydides, 142.