III. Plato as an individual: his high descent, personal beauty, and artistic endowment, 189—His style is neither poetry nor eloquence nor conversation, but the expression of spontaneous thought, 190—The Platonic Socrates, 191—Plato carries the spirit of the Athenian aristocracy into philosophy, 192—Severity with which great reformers habitually view their own age, 192—Plato’s scornful opinion of the many, 194—His loss of faith in his own order, 195—Horror of despotism inspired by his intercourse with Dionysius, 195—His dissatisfaction with the constitution of Sparta, 196—His theory of political degeneration verified by the history of the Roman republic, 196—His exclusively Hellenic and aristocratic sympathies, 197—Invectives against the corrupting influence of the multitude and of their flatterers, 198—Denunciation of the popular law-courts, 199—Character of the successful pleader, 200—Importance to which he had risen in Plato’s time, 200—The professional teacher of rhetoric, 201. IV. Value and comprehensiveness of Plato’s philosophy, 202—Combination of Sicilian and Italiote with Attic modes of thought, 203—Transition from the _Protagoras_ to the _Theaetêtus_, 205—‘Man is the measure of all things’: opinion and sensation, 206—Extension of the dialectic method to all existence, 207—The Heracleitean system true of phenomena, 208—Heracleitus and Parmenides in the _Cratylus_, 209—Tendency to fix on Identity and Difference as the ultimate elements of knowledge, 210—Combination of the mathematical method with the dialectic of Socrates, 210—Doctrine of _à priori_ cognition, 211—The idea of Sameness derived from introspection, 212—Tendency towards monism, 213. CHAPTER V. PLATO AS A REFORMER pages 214-274 I. Recapitulation, 214—Plato’s identification of the human with the divine, 215—The Athanasian creed of philosophy, 216—Attempts to mediate between appearance and reality, 216—Meaning of Platonic love, 217—Its subsequent development in the philosophy of Aristotle, 218—And in the poetry of Dante, 219—Connexion between religious mysticism and the passion of love, 219—Successive stages of Greek thought represented in the _Symposium_, 220—Analysis of Plato’s dialectical method, 221—Exaggerated importance attributed to classification, 222—Plato’s influence on modern philosophy, 223. II. Mediatoral character of Plato’s psychology, 223—Empirical knowledge as a link between demonstration and sense perception, 224—Pride as a link between reason and appetite, 224—Transition from metaphysics to ethics: knowledge and pleasure, 225—Anti-hedonistic arguments of the _Philébus_, 226—Attempt to base ethics on the distinction between soul and body, 227—What is meant by the Idea of Good? 228—It is probably the abstract notion of Identity, 229.