VII. Theory of applied reasoning: distinction between demonstration and dialectic, 383—Aristotle places abstractions above reasoned truth, 384—Neglect of axioms in comparison with definitions, 384—‘Laws of nature’ not recognised by Aristotle, 385—He failed to perceive the value of deductive reasoning, 387—Derivation of generals from particulars: Aristotle and Mill, 387—In what sense Aristotle was an empiricist, 390—Examination of Zeller’s view, 391—Induction as the analysis of the middle term into the extremes, 393—Theory of experimental reasoning contained in the _Topics_, 394. VIII. Systematic treatment of the antithesis between Reason and Passion, 395—Relation between the _Rhetoric_ and the _Ethics_, 395—Artificial treatment of the virtues, 396—Fallacious opposition of Wisdom to Temperance, 397—Central idea of the _Politics_: the distinction between the intellectual state and the material state, 398—Consistency of the _Poetics_ with Aristotle’s system as a whole, 399. IX. Aristotle’s philosophy a valuable corrective to the modern glorification of material industry, 399—Leisure a necessary condition of intellectual progress, 400—How Aristotle would view the results of modern civilisation, 401. FOOTNOTES: [1] _Die Philosophie der Griechen_, III., a, pp. 5 f. [2] If I remember rightly, Polybius makes the same observation, but I cannot recall the exact reference. [3] _Sophist_, 243, A. [4] See especially the interesting note on the subject in his recent work, _Die wirkliche und die scheinbare Welt_, Vorrede, pp x. ff. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Transcriber’s Note: These have been marked up as footnotes in the text, using alphabetic coding. This identifies the page and line number rather than any precise text. [A] Page 9, line 18. Plutarch (_ut fertur_), _Plac. Phil._, I., iii., 4. [B] Page 15, line 26. Xenophanes, _Fragm._ 19 and 21, ed. Mullach. [C] Page 41, line 25. Diogenes Laert., IX., 34. The words ‘in the Eastern countries where he had travelled,’ are a conjectural addition, but they seem justified by the context. [D] Page 43, line 11. Plutarch, _Pericles_, iv. [E] Page 65. For the story of Glaucus, see Herodotus VI., lxxxvi. [F] Page 77, line 21. Plato, _Protag._, 315, D. [G] Page 78, line 1. _Ibid._, 341, A. [H] Page 103. For the opinion of Socrates respecting the Sophists, see Xenophon, _Mem._, I., vi., 11 ff. [I] Page 114, line 4. Xenophon, _Mem._, I., iv., 1. [J] Page 194, line 28. _Repub._, 493, A; _ibid._, line 33. Gorgias, 521, E. [K] Page 195, line 23. _Theaetêt._, 175, A and 174, E. Jowett’s Transl., IV., p. 325. [L] Page 233, last line. _Sophist._, 246, D. [M] Page 294, line 7. For Plato’s preference of practice to contemplation, see _Repub._, 496, E. THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS. CHAPTER I. EARLY GREEK THOUGHT. I.