[139] Cf. Dignan, _The Idle Actor in Aeschylus_ (1905), p. 13, n. 14. [140] Or in the south half of the old orchestra in case the orchestra was moved fifty feet nearer the Acropolis at this time (see p. 68, below). [141] Cf. Aristotle’s _Poetics_ 1449_a_18, and Vitruvius, _De Architectura_, VII, praefatio, § 11. [142] Dörpfeld, following Reisch, is willing to accept a date as early as 421-415 B.C., cf. _Das griechische Theater_, pp. 21 f. [143] Fig. 35 is taken from Fiechter, _op. cit._, Fig. 14. [144] So Furtwängler, “Zum Dionysostheater in Athen,” _Sitzungsberichte d. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, philosophisch-philologische u. historische Classe_, 1901, p. 411; Puchstein, _op. cit._, pp. 137 ff.; E. A. Gardner, _Ancient Athens_, pp. 435 f. and 448; and Fiechter, _op. cit._, p. 11. Dörpfeld, on the contrary, would attribute these foundations to the Lycurgus theater in the next century; cf. _Das griechische Theater_, pp. 59 ff. [145] Cf. Dörpfeld, “Das griechische Theater zu Pergamon,” _Athenische Mittheilungen_, XXXII (1907), 231; but differently in _Das griechische Theater_, pp. 61 ff. [146] As in the Hellenistic theater (Fig. 38). [147] Except possibly at Thoricus (see p. 103, below). [148] Cf. pseudo-Plutarch _X Oratorum Vitae_, 841D and 852C. [149] Cf. Dörpfeld, “Das Theater von Ephesos,” _Jahrbuch d. arch. Instituts, Anzeiger_, XXVIII (1913), 38. [150] Dörpfeld, “Das Theater von Ephesos,” Jahrbuch d. arch. Instituts, Anzeiger, XXVIII (1913), 40 f. [151] Fig. 38 is taken from Dörpfeld-Reisch, _Das griechische Theater_, Fig. 26. [152] Cf. _ibid._, p. 63. This shift has been disputed by many but is defended by Fiechter, _op. cit._, pp. 9 ff. [153] Cf. Dörpfeld, _Das griechische Theater_, p. 89. [154] Cf. ibid., p. 89; _Athenische Mittheilungen_, XXII (1897), 459; XXIII (1898), 330 and 347; and XXVIII (1903), 414. For the Graeco-Roman stage see pp. 80 ff. and 110 f., below. [155] Fig. 39 is from a photograph taken by Dr. Lewis L. Forman and furnished by Dr. A. S. Cooley. Owing to its change of function, in Roman times the orchestra was sometimes known as the κονίστρα (= the Latin _arena_); owing to its change of shape, it was sometimes called σῖγμα from its resemblance to the semicircular form of the Greek letter Ϲ. [156] Fig. 40 is taken from Dörpfeld-Reisch, _Das griechische Theater_, Fig. 32. [157] Fig. 41 is from a photograph belonging to Northwestern University; the stone steps at the left and another slab at the right do not appear in this view (see Fig. 39). For the latest interpretation and drawing of the frieze, cf. Cook, _Zeus_, I, 708 ff., and the pocket at end of his volume. [158] Fig. 42 is taken from _Athenische Mittheilungen_, XXII (1897), 452. [159] Vitruvius, of course, speaks of Roman feet, which are equal to 11.65 English inches.